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March 20, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

Talley v. Earth Fare 2020, Inc.

Supreme Court of North Carolina

• Citations: None known

• Docket Number: 174A25

• Opinion

• Authorities (20)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (10.5K)

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Syllabus

Whether the Business Court erred in denying parties' cross motions for judgment notwithstanding verdict on plaintiff's claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and violation of the Wage and Hour Act.

Combined Opinion

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. 174A25

Filed 20 March 2026

JAMES R. TALLEY

v.

EARTH FARE 2020, INC. and DENNIS HULSING

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-27(a)(2) from an order and opinion on

post-trial motions entered on 12 December 2024 by Judge Michael L. Robinson,

Special Superior Court Judge for Complex Business Cases, in Superior Court,

Buncombe County, after the case was designated a mandatory complex business case

by the Chief Justice pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-45.4(a). Heard in the Supreme Court

on 17 February 2026.

Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, L.L.P., by Agustin Martinez,
Robert J. King III, and Daniel L. Colston, for
plaintiff-appellee/cross-appellant.

Hall Booth Smith, P.C., by Michael R. Cline and Adam F. Peoples, for
defendant-appellants/cross-appellees.

PER CURIAM.

AFFIRMED.1

1 The order and opinion of the North Carolina Business Court, 2024 NCBC 81,is
available at https://www.nccourts.gov/assets/documents/opinions/
2024%20NCBC%2081.pdf?VersionId=lBLbI3kd1OI4fJl0dX4dqfqgQCUTteqj.
TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Dietz, J., concurring

Justice DIETZ concurring.

I would prefer for this Court to issue reasoned opinions when there are

dissents, rather than per curiam decisions. But we occasionally do the latter. Here, I

interpret the Court’s per curiam affirmance as confirmation that the business court’s

order and opinion is “highly fact-bound and involved the application of settled law

from this Court to the evidence presented in the case.” Vanguard Pai Lung, LLC v.

Moody, 387 N.C. 376, 384 (2025). In this circumstance, we have declined to write our

own opinion because “repeating that court’s analysis would not meaningfully add to

our jurisprudence on these issues.” Id. at 385.

My dissenting colleagues rather strongly disagree about this, so I want to make

some observations. First, a Wage and Hour Act claim requires evidence that the

plaintiff was employed to do the claimed work. See Horack v. S. Real Est. Co. of

Charlotte, 150 N.C. App. 305, 309 (2002). This principle is the heart of the case.

Plaintiff James Talley had a $50,000 salaried position at Earth Fare. Then,

something changed. Talley went to his employer with a proposal—a new “deal” as he

described it, not a request for a promotion or an expansion of his current job and

salary. Talley proposed raising capital for the business in exchange for a significant

equity stake in the company, a seat on the board of directors, an ownership interest

for his son, and other perks that the company offered to its outside business partners.

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Dietz, J., concurring

The dissent points out that “Earth Fare promised and paid at least two people

stock compensation” for doing similar work securing investors for the business.

(Emphasis added.) This, the dissent believes, is evidence that Earth Fare employed

Talley to do this work. But the “people” referenced by the dissent are not employees.

They are real estate developers who owned one of the shopping centers where Earth

Fare opened a retail location. Those two businessmen agreed to help Earth Fare

obtain financing for its expansion plans in exchange for an ownership stake in the

company, as well as a commitment to bring an Earth Fare location to their

commercial property.

One does not need to be an employment law expert to know that if Earth Fare

reneged on that deal, those wealthy developers could not bring Wage and Hour Act

claims. They are not “employed” by Earth Fare. See N.C.G.S. § 95-25.2(4) (2025);

Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am. v. Case Farms, Inc., 127 N.C. App. 312, 314 (1997).

The same is true of any other outside contractor, consultant, or business partner who

provides these types of independent services to the company.

This is where the dissent misunderstands the realities of business

relationships. It has this rudimentary take on private enterprise where all that exists

is some eternal struggle between labor and management. But there is so much more

to the private sector. In the modern economy, employees in an emerging business like

Earth Fare are free to be enterprising; to be entrepreneurial. They can watch their

employer make lucrative deals with outside business partners and then make an

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Dietz, J., concurring

independent pitch to do that same type of work and get that same kind of deal—all

while keeping their current, salaried position.

That is what the evidence showed in this case. Talley’s own testimony

confirmed that he never proposed expanding his existing salaried role as an employee

of the company. He proposed a new “deal,” as he called it, entirely independent of his

existing employment. He wanted to be like those real estate developers. He, too,

wanted to secure investors in exchange for things like an equity stake, a seat on the

board of directors, and various other perks that Earth Fare extended to its key

investors and business partners.

Thus, nothing in the business court’s decision suggests that a written

employment contract is required for a Wage and Hour Act claim. Instead, the

business court’s straightforward ruling is that the Wage and Hour Act claim required

evidence that Talley was employed by Earth Fare to do this particular work. See

Horack, 150 N.C. App. at 309. The business court reasoned that, because no employee

had ever done this type of work before, absent evidence that Earth Fare employed

Talley to do it, he was no different than those real estate developers—a sophisticated

businessman offering to provide independent services far outside the role of any

employee at the company. Talley v. Earth Fare 2020, Inc., 2024 NCBC 81, ¶¶ 58–59.

The court instructed the jury to first determine if there was ever a meeting of

the minds about employing Talley to do this work. Id. If the jury determined there

was not, it was told not to consider the Wage and Hour Act claim. Id. ¶ 59. Instead,

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Dietz, J., concurring

just like those other businessmen, if Talley independently performed these services

but failed to enter into an enforceable contract, his recourse was a claim for unjust

enrichment. That is precisely what the trial court instructed the jury in this case.

And it is worth noting that the jury sided with Talley on that unjust enrichment

claim; he received a six-figure jury award. Id. ¶¶ 32–34.

Finally, the dissent contends that my reasoning conflicts with our decision in

Morris v. Scenera Rsch., LLC, 368 N.C. 857 (2016). Not so. Morris was a case about

bonuses owed under an employee bonus program for filing successful patent

applications. The legal question was whether plaintiff, who was “hired to invent,” was

entitled to bonuses for patents that were approved after he left the job. Id. at 860–62.

Importantly, no one in that case disputed that the plaintiff was employed to do that

patent work, which meant the Wage and Hour Act applied. Id. at 859–60.

Here, by contrast, the central question is whether Talley was employed to do

the work to begin with. Beyond Talley’s testimony about the deal he thought he had

with Earth Fare, there was no evidence that Earth Fare employed Talley to do this

particular work. The business court sent that issue to the jury, and the jury found

that Earth Fare did not agree to Talley’s terms.

Were the dissent correct in its view of the law here, employees could go to their

employer and ask to take on additional work in exchange for equity in the business.

When the employer says no, those employees could simply do the work anyway and

demand to become part-owners of the company through the Wage and Hour Act.

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Dietz, J., concurring

The act does not permit this sort of shakedown. The Wage and Hour Act applies

only if one is employed to do the work. See N.C.G.S. §§ 95-25.2(4), 95-25.22(a), 95-

25.6. If a business does not agree to employ someone to do a job, that person cannot

go out, do the job anyway, and then insist that the law made them an employee.

This is where the dissent seems to struggle most. It fixates on the idea that,

under the Wage and Hour Act, one can be an “employee” even without an express

employment agreement, and that one can be paid “wages” that include more than

money, such as stock options. This is all true. No one in this case claims otherwise.

But all that has nothing to do with the question presented in this case. To

recover under the act, one must be “employed.” See N.C.G.S. § 95-25.2(3)–(5); Horack,

150 N.C. App. at 309. That has always been the heart of this case—what evidence

does Talley have that he did this work as an employee, rather than independently like

the investors and business partners with similar deals? The business court properly

determined that Talley’s only evidence was the negotiations around the new “deal”

he thought he had reached with Earth Fare, which was separate from his existing

salaried employment. Because the jury found that Earth Fare did not agree to

Talley’s terms, the court properly instructed them not to consider the Wage and Hour

Act claim. Instead, Talley’s recovery for his independent work was limited to a

common law claim for unjust enrichment. This basic principle of the Wage and Hour

Act is not the least bit unsettled or complicated, and it is why I believe this Court

chose to summarily affirm the business court’s judgment.

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

Justice RIGGS concurring in part and dissenting in part.

While I agree with the Business Court’s decision with respect to the breach of

contract claim, I cannot agree with its analysis regarding the North Carolina Wage

and Hour Act (WHA), and this Court does a disservice to an underdeveloped area of

law by affirming without opinion that portion of the decision below. The text of the

WHA does not explicitly require an underlying contract for a plaintiff to bring a claim

for unpaid wages. Here, though, the Business Court directed the jury that it could

not reach plaintiff James Talley’s WHA claim without first finding an enforceable

contract. In doing so, the Business Court inserted a requirement into the WHA that

does not plainly exist in the text and created a conflict with Morris v. Scenera

Research, LLC, 368 N.C. 857 (2016). Therefore, the Business Court committed legal

error by instructing the jury that it could not reach Mr. Talley’s WHA claim if it found

that he did not have an enforceable contract with the defendants. Because the jury

should have been able to decide whether Mr. Talley was entitled to unpaid

compensation under the WHA, I would have held that the Business Court erred in

denying Mr. Talley’s motion for a new trial on his WHA claim.1

1 Unlike other Rule 59 motions, which are reviewed for abuse of discretion, we review

motions for a new trial under Rule 59(a)(8), which are based on “[e]rror in law occurring at
the trial and objected to by the party making the motion,” de novo. See N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule
59(a)(8) (2025); Bryant v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 313 N.C. 362, 378–82 (1985)
(discussing the difference between “fully reviewable” Rule 59(a)(8) motions and other Rule
59 motions); Chiltoski v. Drum, 121 N.C. App. 161, 164 (1995) (“While an order for new trial
pursuant to Rule 59 which satisfies the procedural requirements of the Rule may ordinarily

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

The WHA governs various provisions of North Carolina’s employment law,

including minimum wage, overtime, wage payment, and child labor. See N.C.G.S.

§§ 95-25.1–.25 (2025). The WHA reflects the legislature’s concern with “[t]he wage

levels of employees, hours of labor, payment of earned wages, and the well-being of

minors.” N.C.G.S. § 95-25.1(b). Like the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA),

the purpose of the WHA is to promote the general welfare by enforcing employment

protections for employees. See 29 U.S.C. § 202 (a); N.C.G.S. § 95-25.1(b). The WHA

establishes a private cause of action permitting employees to recover unpaid wages.

N.C.G.S. § 95-25.22(a) (“Any employer who violates the provisions of . . . G.S. 95-25.6

through 95-25.12 (Wage Payment) shall be liable to the employee or employees

affected in the amount of . . . their unpaid amounts due under G.S. 95-25.6 through

95-25.12 . . . .”).

Mr. Talley brought a WHA claim, alleging that defendants Dennis Hulsing and

Earth Fare 2020, Inc. (Earth Fare) violated sections 95-25.6 and 95-25.7 of the WHA

by failing to pay him the promised stock, stock options, and other compensation owed

for his work raising money for Earth Fare. At trial, the jury was instructed that if it

found no contract existed between Mr. Talley and defendants, it should not consider

his WHA claim. Mr. Talley objected to the instruction, arguing that WHA claims are

legally distinct from breach of contract claims, so the jury should be entitled to

be reversed on appeal only in the event of ‘a manifest abuse of discretion,’ when the trial court
grants or denies a new trial ‘due to some error of law,’ then its decision is fully reviewable.”
(quoting Garrison v. Garrison, 87 N.C. App. 591, 594 (1987))).

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

consider both independently.

On 25 July 2024, the jury returned a verdict finding that Mr. Talley did not

enter into a contract with Mr. Hulsing or Earth Fare, and therefore, it did not reach

his WHA claims. The jury found that Mr. Hulsing was unjustly enriched by Mr.

Talley and returned a verdict for recovery of $195,000. Following the verdict, Mr.

Talley moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) on his WHA claims

or, in the alternative, a new trial. The court denied the motions, and Mr. Talley filed

a notice of appeal.

In North Carolina, “[e]very employer shall pay every employee all wages . . .

accruing to the employee on the regular payday.” N.C.G.S. § 95-25.6. If wages are

“based upon bonuses, commissions, or other forms of calculation,” they “may be paid

as infrequently as annually if prescribed in advance.” Id. The WHA defines “wage”

as “compensation for labor or services rendered by an employee whether determined

on a time, task, piece, job, day, commission, or other basis of calculation.” N.C.G.S.

§ 95-25.2(16). As related to the unpaid compensation sections of the WHA, “ ‘wage’

includes . . . commissions, bonuses, and other amounts promised when the employer

has a policy or a practice of making such payments.” Id.

The text of the WHA does not explicitly require a contract. The very definition

of wages in the WHA presupposes that there may not be an underlying employment

contract. If bonuses can constitute wages when they are “promised when the

employer has a policy or a practice of making such payments,” id., then the WHA does

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

not require a contract defining the payment of such bonus. A “promise” does not

necessarily require contract formalities, such as mutual assent or consideration.

Instead, a jury could find a “promise,” for example, where an employer tells an

employee that it will pay a bonus for work already completed, and the employee never

accepts the employer’s offer. This example would not meet contract formalities, but

it could constitute a “promise” under the WHA sufficient to support a claim for unpaid

wages. We presume that the legislature carefully chose each word, and we do not

“add to or subtract from the language of the statute.” Ferguson v. Riddle, 233 N.C.

54, 57 (1950); see also N.C. Dep’t of Corr. v. N.C. Med. Bd., 363 N.C. 189, 201 (2009).

If the legislature wanted to require claimants to prove an underlying contract, then

it could have written the WHA to require a contract instead of a “promise.” Because

it did not do so, we cannot read into the statute an extra requirement that the

legislature did not clearly intend.

Further, if an employee is terminated for any reason but is owed wages “based

on bonuses, commissions or other forms of calculation,” those wages “shall be paid on

the first regular payday after the amount becomes calculable when a separation

occurs.” N.C.G.S. § 95-25.7. The fact that a wage need not be calculable at the time

of termination indicates that a plaintiff may bring an unpaid compensation claim

even if they do not have an enforceable contract defining specific wages.

The WHA was passed in 1979 to amend and consolidate four laws dealing with

maximum hours, minimum wage, wage payment, and child labor. Wage and Hour

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

Act, ch. 839, § 1, 1979 N.C. Sess. Laws 1157, 1157–65. It was modeled after the FLSA,

which was enacted to address “labor conditions detrimental to the maintenance of the

minimum standard of living necessary for health, efficiency, and general well-being

of workers.” 29 U.S.C. § 202 (a); see also Powell v. P2Enterprises, LLC, 247 N.C. App.

731, 733–34 (2016); Hyman v. Efficiency, Inc., 167 N.C. App. 134, 137 (2004);

Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am. v. Case Farms, Inc., 127 N.C. App. 312, 314 (1997).

The Court of Appeals has recognized that “the policy of the Wage and Hour Act is to

‘protect[ ] those who, as a matter of economic reality, are dependent upon the business

to which they render service.’ ” Laborers’ Int’l Union, 127 N.C. App. at 314 (alteration

in original) (quoting Poole v. Loc. 305 Nat’l Post Off. Mail Handlers, 69 N.C. App. 675,

678 (1984)). As a worker-protective statute, the WHA should not be used as a sword

against employees who may, through no fault of their own, lack a formal employment

contract. Nothing in the text of the WHA requires an underlying employment

contract, and we should not read such a requirement into the statute.

Though it has not said so explicitly, this Court has implied that an enforceable

contract is not necessary for a WHA claim. See Morris, 368 N.C. at 859, 862. In

Morris, plaintiff Robert Morris sued his employer under the WHA to recover

compensation for bonuses he alleged he was owed under the company’s patent bonus

program. Id. at 859. Mr. Morris did not have an employment contract with his

employer, though they held multiple discussions regarding the details of his

employment. Id. He threatened to sue under the WHA because he was “[f]rustrated

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

with [the] lack of progress” towards a compensation agreement. Id. at 860. Later,

when he was terminated, Mr. Morris brought several claims, including claims for

breach of contract and unpaid wages under the WHA. Id. Mr. Morris prevailed only

on his WHA and Retaliatory Employment Discrimination Act (REDA) claims, not his

breach of contract claim. Id.

Despite his inability to prove his breach of contract claim, the trial court

nonetheless permitted Mr. Morris to litigate his WHA claim.2 Id. Mr. Morris’s

testimony demonstrated that his employer had a policy or practice of providing patent

bonuses because he and other employees had “unique bonus plan[s]” that were earned

when they filed patent applications. Id. at 862. The jury was instructed on the WHA

claim, even though there was no underlying contract, and found for Mr. Morris on

that claim. Id. at 860. This Court affirmed the Court of Appeals’ judgment affirming

the trial court’s ruling and held that Mr. Morris met his burden under the JNOV

standard. Id. at 862. Even though Mr. Morris failed on his breach of contract claim,

this Court upheld the jury’s verdict granting him unpaid compensation under the

WHA. Id.

Morris impliedly supports Mr. Talley’s argument that the trial court erred as

2 While the concurrence rightly points out that Mr. Morris was employed to perform

patent work, it ignores that the employment relationship existed without an underlying
contract, and the jury still reached Mr. Morris’s WHA claim (and found in his favor) even
though his breach of contract claim failed. The present case conflicts with Morris because it
ignores Morris’s rule that the jury can reach a WHA claim even in the absence of an
underlying contract and affirms the Business Court’s legal error prohibiting the jury from
reaching exactly such a claim here.

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Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

a matter of law by instructing the jury that it had to find an enforceable contract

before it could reach the WHA claim. But this important statute requires more

careful treatment to clarify its reach, particularly given that the Court of Appeals and

North Carolina’s federal courts seem to disagree on how to apply the WHA.

In dicta in Kornegay v. Aspen Asset Group, LLC, 204 N.C. App. 213 (2010), the

Court of Appeals speculated that “[i]f there were no enforceable contract regarding

payment of a bonus, then defendants would have no obligations under the [ ]WHA

with respect to a bonus.” Id. at 245; see also id. at 245–46 (discussing the trial court’s

decision not to award liquidated damages under the WHA given that the case

“hinge[d] entirely on the legal effect of initial negotiations between [the] plaintiff and

[the defendant]” and the defendants believed in good faith that there was not a

contract). But this cursory treatment by the Court of Appeals fails to provide any

explanation for why it would read the plain language of the WHA to impose a greater

burden of proof on a claimant, particularly where the General Assembly explicitly

created an unusual basis for relief: promises based on past practices and procedures

of the employer. Under contract law, such consideration would not be sufficient to

satisfy all the elements of an enforceable contract. Jones v. Winstead, 186 N.C. 536,

540–41 (1923); see also Penley v. Penley, 314 N.C. 1, 18 (1985) (describing the “general

rule” that past services do not “supply[ ] the consideration necessary to support a

subsequent promise”).

Although not binding on us, North Carolina’s federal district courts have

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Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

regularly found that contracts are not required to obligate employers to pay unpaid

wages under the WHA. In a case dealing with the definition of “work” under the

WHA, the court found that the WHA requires “an employment relationship” but “the

statute contains no requirement of an express contract or agreement to pay for

particular work.” Martinez-Hernandez v. Butterball, LLC, 578 F. Supp. 2d 816, 821

(E.D.N.C. 2008). Similarly, in unpublished cases, North Carolina’s federal district

courts affirmed that the WHA does not require an express contract. Vinson v. Int’l

Bus. Machs. Corp., No. 1:17-CV-00798, 2018 WL 4608250, at *8 (M.D.N.C. Sep. 25,

2018) (“To state a claim under [the WHA], there need not be an enforceable

agreement, provided the employer has a policy or practice of making such payments.”

(cleaned up)); Buckner v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., No. 5:09-CV-411-BR, 2010 WL

2889586, at *3 (E.D.N.C. July 21, 2010) (reasoning a violation of N.C.G.S. § 95-25.6

“need not be based upon an express contract”), aff’d, 489 F. App’x 709 (4th Cir. 2012).

Much of the language of the WHA is modeled after the FLSA, and “in

interpreting the [ ]WHA, North Carolina courts look to the FLSA for guidance.”

Powell, 247 N.C. App. at 734 (cleaned up). The Court of Appeals has recognized the

FLSA creates a compensable claim for unpaid overtime even when “the trial court

f[inds] that there [is] no ‘written or oral agreement’ between the parties ‘as to

compensation of the contested hours.’ ” Lowe v. Bell House, Inc., 74 N.C. App. 196,

199 (1985). In that case, even though there was no contract determining the

plaintiff’s wages during on-call shifts, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s

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Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

finding that the on-call time was compensable and remanded for findings of fact

regarding the plaintiff’s rate of pay, status as an hourly or salaried employee, and the

number of hours subject to overtime compensation. Id. at 201. The lack of an

underlying contract did not bar the plaintiff’s recovery under the FLSA. See id.

Similarly, the Fourth Circuit has reasoned that “[f]or purposes of FLSA claims,

there does not ‘need[ ] to be any written contract, state law, regulation or statute, [or]

collective bargaining agreement’ if the terms of the agreement are ‘obvious’ from the

‘employment policies, practices, and procedures’ of the employer or ‘the parties’

conduct.’ ” Conner v. Cleveland County, 22 F.4th 412, 427 (4th Cir. 2022) (second and

third alterations in original) (quoting Monahan v. County of Chesterfield, 95 F.3d

1263, 1275 (4th Cir. 1996)). Neither the Court of Appeals nor the Fourth Circuit

require an enforceable contract for plaintiffs to bring FLSA claims.3 Our courts

should not read a requirement for an enforceable contract into the WHA’s statutory

language, especially given the statutes’ shared “remedial and humanitarian . . .

purpose.” Tenn. Coal, Iron & R.R. Co. v. Muscoda Loc. No. 123, 321 U.S. 590, 597

(1944), superseded on other grounds by statute, 29 U.S.C. § 251 (a), as recognized in,

3 The FLSA does not have a private cause of action for unpaid compensation, but the

WHA does. Conner v. Cleveland County, 22 F.4th 412, 421 (4th Cir. 2022). Because the FLSA
does not have a cause of action for unpaid compensation not related to minimum wage or
overtime compensation violations, the FLSA is not the proper vehicle for claims where “an
employee has worked no overtime and has been paid at least minimum wage for all hours
worked.” Monahan v. County of Chesterfield, 95 F.3d 1263, 1265 (1996). Instead, a “pure
gap time” compensation claim is “ ‘enforceable only under’ state law related to the parties’
employment agreement.” Conner, 22 F.4th at 421 (quoting Monahan, 95 F.3d at 1283).

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

Integrity Staffing Sols., Inc. v. Busk, 574 U.S. 27 (2014); see Brown v. Caruso Homes,

Inc., 294 N.C. App. 9, 13 (2024) (denial of plaintiff’s request for attorney’s fees was

insufficient to show trial court “ignored the remedial nature of the [ ]WHA”).

While I agree with most of the Business Court’s conclusions, this Court should

have engaged more meaningfully with Mr. Talley’s WHA claim. Mr. Talley testified

that as his role with Earth Fare developed, he was promised additional compensation,

including for his work securing capital investments for Earth Fare. Mr. Talley

further testified that his work was instrumental in securing a deal with Dan Larimer

(the Larimer deal). Trial testimony from both Mr. Talley and Mr. Hulsing indicates

that Earth Fare promised and paid at least two people stock compensation for their

work securing the Larimer deal. This was the evidence that was presented to the

jury and the jury was not allowed to weigh this evidence in deciding Mr. Talley’s WHA

claim. The payments to the two other people involved in the Larimer deal could have

indicated that Earth Fare had “a policy or a practice” of “making such payments” in

stock for work on the Larimer deal. Therefore, had it not been erroneously prohibited

from reaching the issue, the jury could have decided that the stock, stock options, and

other compensation Mr. Talley was promised was a “wage” under N.C.G.S. § 95-

25.2(16) subject to a WHA unpaid compensation claim.4 Mr. Talley did not need to

4 Arguably, the concurrence reads a requirement into N.C.G.S. § 95-25.2(16) that does

not exist. Section 95-25.2(16)’s definition of “wage” does not require that an employer have
“a policy or a practice” of paying bonuses or commissions to employees, only that they have “a
policy or a practice of making such payments.” N.C.G.S. § 95-25.2(16). It is beyond the scope
of this Court to add or change statutory language. Ferguson, 233 N.C. at 57. Moreover, this

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Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

point to an enforceable contract if he could demonstrate that Earth Fare had “a policy

or a practice” of paying other people similar compensation for similar work,

particularly when it appears that Mr. Talley did more investor solicitation work than

the people who received stock compensation.5 That factual question, including how

to weigh the trial evidence, should have been submitted to the jury. See Cauble v.

Bell, 249 N.C. 722, 724 (1959) (citations omitted) (“Issues of fact must be determined

by a jury unless such trial is waived.”).

It is far from clear from the statute, our precedent, and persuasive caselaw

that the WHA requires an underlying contract to support an unpaid compensation

claim—indeed, I would conclude to the contrary. Like my concurring colleague, I

would prefer that this Court issue reasoned opinions, as opposed to per curiam

opinions, when there are dissents. Instead, today’s per curiam affirmance of a

Business Court decision that conflicts with a prior case from this Court only invites

was not the basis of the Business Court’s decision—the lack of an enforceable contract was
the basis. Talley v. Earth Fare 2020, Inc., 2024 NCBC 81 ¶¶ 57–59, 64–65. And we affirmed
that basis without any clarity or resolution of the conflict with Morris. The jury should have
been permitted to determine whether the payments to the two people involved in the Larimer
deal sufficiently established “a policy or a practice of making such payments” to support Mr.
Talley’s WHA claim.
5 I disagree with my concurring colleague that permitting juries to hear WHA claims

even in the absence of an underlying contract will lead to “shakedowns” from employees
seeking additional work. This hypothetical is hyperbolic and it misreads the statutory
definition of “wage,” which expressly permits promised compensation if an employer has “a
policy or a practice of making such payments.” N.C.G.S. § 95-25.2(16). Employees seeking
compensation for work for which their employer has demonstrated “a policy or a practice” of
compensating others are not committing a “shakedown;” they are seeking a wage as defined
in the WHA.

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TALLEY V. EARTH FARE 2020, INC.

Riggs, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part

further confusion around the law (and likely harm to workers in North Carolina).

The jury should have been permitted to reach Mr. Talley’s claim for unpaid wages.

Given the stated purpose of the WHA and the fact that our limited precedent suggests

a worker-protective interpretation of the statute, I would have held that the trial

court erred as a matter of law by requiring the jury to first find an enforceable

contract. Therefore, it was error to deny Mr. Talley’s motion for a new trial. To

prevent double recovery upon a new trial, I would have also vacated the Business

Court’s decision regarding Mr. Talley’s unjust enrichment claim and remanded the

case. On these grounds, I respectfully dissent in part.

Justice EARLS joins in this concurring in part and dissenting in part opinion.

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