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March 26, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

Chad Pinkerton and the Pinkerton Law Firm, PLLC v. Mark Keough

Texas Court of Appeals, 9th District (Beaumont)

• Citations: None known
• Docket Number: 09-25-00089-CV
• Nature of Suit: Interlocutory

• Disposition: Affirmed

• Opinion

• Authorities (25)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (882)

• PDF

Disposition

Affirmed

Lead Opinion

In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

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NO. 09-25-00089-CV

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CHAD PINKERTON AND THE PINKERTON LAW FIRM, PLLC,
Appellants

V.

MARK KEOUGH, Appellee

---

On Appeal from the 457th District Court
Montgomery County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 24-10-16036

---

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In this accelerated interlocutory appeal, Appellants Chad Pinkerton and the

Pinkerton Law Firm, PLLC (Pinkerton Law Firm) appeal the trial court’s Order

denying their Texas Citizen’s Participation Act (“TCPA”) motion to dismiss claims

for defamation, violation of Texas wiretap laws, tortious interference, civil

conspiracy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress filed by Appellee Mark

Keough (Keough), the County Judge of Montgomery County and former senior

1
pastor of The Woodlands Bible Church (the Church). See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. §§ 27.001-27.011 (the TCPA), 51.014(a)(12) (authorizing an

interlocutory appeal of an order denying a motion to dismiss filed under the TCPA

section 27.003). For the reasons explained below, we affirm the trial court’s Order

denying Appellants’ (we refer to Appellants collectively as the Pinkerton

Defendants) TCPA motion to dismiss Keough’s claims.

PERTINENT BACKGROUND

Keough’s Original Petition

Keough filed an Original Petition against the Pinkerton Defendants and other

parties, alleging causes of action for defamation, violation of Texas wiretap laws,

tortious interference with fiduciary duty, tortious interference with contract, tortious

interference with prospective economic advantage, civil conspiracy, and intentional

infliction of emotional distress. 1 Keough alleged that the Pinkerton Defendants,

Susan Kenningham (Kenningham), and Wayne Dolcefino (Dolcefino) acted in

concert with one another and others when they attempted to extort Keough by using

Kenningham’s fabricated sexual harassment and related claims against Keough,

which Keough maintained were “completely baseless and false.” Keough alleged

1
Keough also filed suit against Susan Kenningham, Wayne Dolcefino,
Dolcefino Consulting, The Woodlands Bible Church, Larry Albritton, Don
Giordano, Scott Leafe, Keith Simpson, Gerry Benzel, Don Carpenter, and Steve
Scott, who are not parties to this appeal.
2
that the Pinkerton Defendants sent him an “extortionate demand letter,” more than

six months after Keough had resigned as pastor of the Church, that was premised on

Kenningham’s fabricated claims. Keough contends that those claims included false,

malicious, and defamatory statements that the Pinkerton Defendants planned to

publicize if Keough did not agree to their demands that Keough pay $6.5 million (or

liability insurance policy limits if they are lower) and the Church pay $3.5 million

(or liability insurance policy limits if they are lower) within sixteen days. Keough

alleged that the Pinkerton Defendants and Kenningham hired Dolcefino to compose

and publish on the internet defamatory statements to pressure Keough to submit to

their “extortionate scheme and to ruin Keough’s standing in his community if he

refuse[d].”

In the Pinkerton Defendants’ letter, which was not only sent to Keough but

also to the Church’s Board of Elders through a representative member, as well as

their insurance broker (not the adjuster), Chad Pinkerton (Pinkerton) demanded an

agreement to pay the amounts within sixteen days of receipt of the letter. Pinkerton

goes on to state that “should we not come to any agreement, I will be filing a lawsuit

and seeking all damages my client is entitled to under Texas law, including damages

that exceed your insured’s policy limits.”2

2
We note that the Pinkerton Defendants assumed that Heffernan Insurance
Brokers were the brokers for the Church’s and Keough’s liability insurance
3
But the letter didn’t stop there. Pinkerton goes much further. He laces the

pages with various footnotes of “allegations” he claims he will make:
8
The statements herein are “allegations”–not to be considered “true in
fact.” The investigation into this matter is ongoing. You also have a duty
to do your own investigation. That is exactly why I am giving you an
opportunity to review all the allegations contained herein so you may
investigate each and provide me with a response. Should you need more
time to complete your investigation, I will be happy to grant you an
extension of time to respond to this demand. [emphasis original]
Nevertheless, in time, the “facts” will be exposed. However, now we
are dealing with mere allegations so all Parties should be careful as to
how they share this information. The information contained herein is,
therefore, being dubbed CONFIDENTIAL. You should maintain such
confidentiality strictly. [emphasis original]
9
Based on information and belief, the office manager [ ] resigned due
to unchecked sexual harassment/abuse allegedly perpetrated against her
by Pastor Keough. I am in the process of investigating this matter. If
true, the Parties will be severely punished in Harris County by a Harris
County jury. That’s likely to happen anyway, but this would be the final
nail in the coffin.

Even though Pinkerton declares the allegations (which he states may or may

not be true because he is still investigating) should be “dubbed confidential,” he

emails copies the same day to Heffernan Insurance Brokers and shares at least some

of the information with Dolcefino. He goes on to write:

My job is to expose Pastor Keough and THE WOODLANDS BIBLE
CHURCH, correct the wrongdoing, and punish the wrongdoers. I
intend to do just that. As a Christian myself, I find the conduct of the
involved Parties to be most hideous and shameful. Therefore, this
matter will get my full attention.

company. As noted on the final page of the letter, the Pinkerton Defendants sent a
copy of the letter to Heffernan Insurance Brokers.
4
Pinkerton continues with more footnoted allegations which he claims are not

“truth” but are allegations he is “investigating” and then feigning the requirement of

confidentiality even though he sent the letter to the insurance broker (not the

insurance adjuster) and shared the allegations with the Church Elders and Dolcefino:
14
This Demand includes explicit and graphic “allegations.” I want to
emphasize that word: allegations. We are in the beginning stages of
this investigation. We have learned a lot. We are in the process of
confirming what we have learned. However, this is not the time to label
things as the “truth.” I cannot with certainty state that every allegation
herein is the truth. To do so would be irresponsible. I can say that I
believe in the allegations stated herein, and that belief comes from the
investigation my firm and others have conducted. But we have a long
way to go before the “truth” is determined. So, no one reading this
document should take the allegations herein as the “truth.” Further, the
Parties should take great care to keep the contents of this document
confidential. In fact, I strongly urge all Parties to keep and maintain this
document strictly confidential. [emphasis in original]

The letter goes on to state:

What will the damages be? This is your opportunity to decide that
question–and it will be your only opportunity. [emphasis original]

Pinkerton continues with unfounded allegations not relevant to the alleged

“sexual harassment” claims which he disseminates to third parties. Concerning

Keough’s wife, he states:

Pastor Keough’s wife is allegedly a “porn ghostwriter.” Apparently,
this is well-known within certain circles. At this time, I do not have
any independent confirmation that such is true. I will continue to
investigate this matter and follow up with any findings, if necessary.

Concerning allegations of fraud and theft by Keough, Pinkerton states:

5
An Elder admitted that he was “concerned” that Pastor Keough was
using the Church to improperly and/or illegally funnel money to
himself and others without tax implications. He also stated that he
was “ concerned” that he had “ used” the Church for improper
financial gain–suggesting he may have stolen funds from the Church.
At this time, I do not have any independent confirmation that such is
true. I will continue to investigate this matter and follow up with any
findings, if necessary.

Concerning allegations that Keough physically abused his wife, Pinkerton

states:

Pastor Keough’s wife often sought shelter at my client’s home after
being abused (verbally and physically). Pastor Keough would then
involve my client, his employee, in trying to “find” his wife–putting
my client in a very difficult position to protect an abused lady while
trying to keep her job.

Concerning allegations that Keough loaned money to an unidentified couple

who could not repay him and Keough forced them into three-way sex, Pinkerton

states:

. . . . Pastor Keough (allegedly) coerced the couple into a three-way
sex act whereby Pastor Keough had sex with the wife while the
husband performed anal sex upon Pastor Keough. . . .

Concerning allegations that a county employee is three months pregnant by

Keough. Pinkerton states:

Pastor Keough apparently (allegedly) impregnated a County
employee recently. My understanding is the lady is three months
pregnant. . . . I am continuing to work on this issue and believe the truth
will be exposed.

Concerning allegations Keough paid a prostitute, Pinkerton states:
6
Pastor Keough apparently (allegedly) has a history of engaging in sex
acts with prostitutes. I am currently attempting to get a copy of an audio
recording whereby a prostitute admits that she had sex with Pastor
Keough for money, and he allegedly forced her to say “f[…] me
pastor,” during the sex act. However, the only information I have on
this issue at this time is secondhand speculation. Thus, it cannot be
stated it is the “truth.” I am continuing to work on this issue and believe
the truth will be exposed.

Concerning allegations that a drug dealer delivers drugs to Keough’s home,

Pinkerton states:

A local drug dealer has come forward claiming that he delivered drugs
to Pastor Keough’s home. This has yet to be verified. I am continuing
to work on this issue. I will supplement this Demand with any new
information, if necessary. [emphasis original]

Concerning much of this alleged “evidence,” which Pinkerton claims not to be

taken as “true” but which he claims will “all” come into “evidence,” Pinkerton states:

In reading this Demand, I am certain individuals are saying to
themselves: “much of this is not coming in as evidence at trial.” Well,
my response is, try me. I am an experienced trial lawyer, and I will
ensure that the relevancy burden is met. It is all coming in! [emphasis
original]

Concerning the incorporation and inclusion of a video Pinkerton alleges his

client hired Dolcefino to make and produce about the allegations, Pinkerton writes

that Keough is “a liar,” and states:

Pastor Keough needs to be punished. I intend to exact that
punishment. To be clear on that point, I intend for Pastor Keough to
be dead broke at the end of this ordeal–dead ass broke. Bet against me,
please! The recorded interview is attached hereto for your review.
[emphasis original]

7
After setting out the “allegations” about which he is not saying are “the truth,”

Pinkerton then threatens:

You, sir, scare me not one bit. It will be an honor and privilege to
expose you for the (alleged) scumbag you are. I am the man that is
going to take you down. How far down? That is your choice at this
time. But this will be your only opportunity to decide how bad you want
this to be. [emphasis original]

Pinkerton made numerous other threatening statements:

God help you all should you not settle this case.
That fact that you have the words “Judge” and “Pastor” before your
name makes me sick. The word before your name should be “Inmate.”[]
I am going to see if I can make that change. I hope you did not think
this was just about money. It is not. It is about putting you, sir, in your
rightful place–down a few pegs to say the least.

However, if you want to resolve this matter now, here is what you can
do:

• Tender $6,500,000.00 to my client for a full and final release;
• Resign as County Judge;
• Agree never again to be involved in a church’s leadership;
• Publicly admit your wrongs committed against my client while
expressing remorse; and
• Agree to a protective order whereby you will not contact or approach
my client ever again.

That, sir, is your way out, you sick bastard.[]Anything less, you are
in this for the long haul.

Pinkerton’s letter makes additional statements that continue to take on the tone

of extortion:

So, my client requests that you, the Elders, instruct the carrier in
writing to tender the policy in this matter. Should you do that and be

8
truthful about what transpired, the carrier will tender the policy. Once
that occurs, your dog in this fight is done.

You should expect a large verdict in a case like this. Over 100 million
dollars is not out of the question considering the facts, my client’s
injuries, the involved pain and suffering, lost wages, and potential
punitive damages. The risk is real. Now is the time for you to decide
if it is worth the risk. [emphasis original]

Nuclear Verdict Potential
My client’s total damages model at trial will exceed $100,000,000.00. I
will ask the jury to award $100,000,000.00 in actual damages plus
$100,000,000.00 in punitive damages. Please familiarize yourself
with the nuclear verdicts in Texas prior to rejecting this demand,
which is exactly what I hope you do.

. . . I trust you will inform your insured that a “reasonably prudent
person” would settle this case at this time on these terms to avoid an
excess judgment that would put their assets at risk. You will cause
great harm to yourself and your insured if you do otherwise, including
potentially financially ruining your insured and exposing yourself to
liability for breach of duties owed to your insured.

In closing, I must reiterate that there is no dispute that your insured is
liable for my client’s damages in this case (i.e., an ordinarily prudent
insurer would accept this Demand). Therefore, to give you enough time
to evaluate and respond to this Demand, your option to accept will
expire at 5:00 p.m. CST on September 26, 2024. [emphasis original]

The “Pinkerton Letter” was dated and emailed to the Church on September 10, 2024,

which allowed sixteen days for Keough and the Church to respond.3

3
In G.A. Stowers Furniture Co. v. American Indemnity Co., 15 S.W.2d 544,
548 (Tex. 1929), the Texas Supreme Court explained that unreasonably refusing to
settle a case within the limits of a liability insurance policy may create a cause of
action against the insurer. We note the letter does not meet the requirements of a
Stowers demand because it imposes conditions other than payment of the limit of
9
In his Original Petition, Keough alleged that Kenningham and Dolcefino

obtained some of their source materials by having the elders of the Church secretly

record Keough’s private confession at the Church and provide Kenningham,

Dolcefino, and Pinkerton with the recording. Keough argued the recording of his

private confession violated the Texas Civil Wiretap Act, Texas Criminal Wiretap

Act, and the Texas Penal Code. Keough stated that the Pinkerton Defendants’

demand letter required Keough to resign as County Judge; tender $6.5 million to

Kenningham, who had already voluntarily resigned from her position with the

Church, in exchange for a release of Kenningham’s “baseless employment-related

claims” she was threatening to pursue; and to comply with other miscellaneous

demands to satisfy Kenningham’s, Dolcefino’s, and the Pinkerton Defendants’

“extortionate demands[.]” Keough argued that the Pinkerton Defendants’ demand

letter included false and defamatory factual allegations that Pinkerton and Dolcefino

threatened to publish and that Pinkerton stated the allegations were “not to be

considered ‘true in fact.’”

Keough maintained that while working as his assistant, Kenningham became

his friend and confidant and set a “trap” for him by causing discord in his marriage.

Believing that divorce was inevitable, Keough felt obligated to step down from his

the insurance policy limit. See State Farm Lloyds Ins. Co. v. Maldonado, 963 S.W.2d
38, 41 (Tex. 1998) (Stowers doctrine not triggered unless letter conveys
“unconditional offer to settle within policy limits[.]”).
10
role as pastor. After Keough stepped down as pastor, Kenningham complained to

the Church that, in the past, when Keough was the pastor, he aggressively pursued a

romantic and physical relationship with her despite Kenningham’s alleged rejections

and protestations. Keough alleged that Kenningham’s allegations were fabricated

and that she engaged Dolcefino and the Pinkerton Defendants to help her extort

money from him. Keough stated that he had confessed his sins at the Church, which

included behaviors that disrupted his marriage, including lusting for another woman

but not acting on that feeling. Keough alleged that Kenningham, Dolcefino, and the

Pinkerton Defendants conspired with elders at the Church to record and provide a

copy of Keough’s alleged confession without his knowledge or consent.

Keough stated that Dolcefino had used the alleged confession to pressure

Keough to agree to an interview to avoid being slandered, but Keough claims that

Dolcefino, an investigative journalist, aired a segment, which included a video, with

Kenningham’s old and new false allegations, along with other allegations, to

increase leverage over him. Keough maintained that Pinkerton had appeared in the

video and baselessly stated that Keough had sexually harassed Kenningham. The

day the segment aired, Pinkerton sent the “Pinkerton Letter[]” to Keough and the

Church, as the Insured. Keough explained that in the so-called Pinkerton Letter,

Pinkerton had stated that the statements in the letter were “‘allegations’” that should

“not [] be taken as the “‘truth[;]’” that Pinkerton agreed that Pinkerton could not

11
“with certainty state that every allegation herein is the truth[;]” that Pinkerton stated

the “‘allegations’” are based on “‘information and belief;’” and Pinkerton says only

he “believe[s] in the allegations stated herein[.]” Keough maintained that the

Pinkerton Defendants’ Pinkerton Letter is nothing more than an attempt to

criminally extort him and it contains false allegations and a threat to further publicize

defamatory allegations to scare Keough to pay blackmail. Keough attached a copy

of the Pinkerton Letter to his First Amended Petition.

Concerning his defamation causes of action against the Pinkerton Defendants,

Keough alleges in his First Amended Petition that the Pinkerton Defendants defamed

him by publishing numerous defamatory and false statements of fact about him, and

that the Pinkerton Defendants had actual knowledge of the falsity of the statements

or made the statements with reckless disregard for the truth. Keough argues that

many of the statements are defamatory per se, including allegations that he

committed adultery and domestic violence, broke laws, and failed to tender honest

and reasonable services as County Judge. Keough alleged that the Pinkerton

Defendants acted with malice and caused him to sustain damages.

In his civil conspiracy claim, Keough alleged that “each defendant was a

member of a combination,” the object of which was the commission of the

intentional tort to defame him. Keough alleged that each member of the combination,

which includes the Pinkerton Defendants, committed an overt, unlawful act in

12
furtherance of the object of the combination which contributed to or constituted an

intentional tort. Keough alleged that he suffered damages as a proximate and direct

result of the commission of the intentional tort.

Keough maintained that he was entitled to recover reasonable and necessary

attorney’s fees under the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code and the Texas

Code of Criminal Procedure.

The Pinkerton Defendants’ Answer and Motion to Dismiss under the TCPA

The Pinkerton Defendants filed an Answer, asserting a general denial and

affirmative defenses, including, among others, the defenses of legal justification,

privilege, truth, and substantial truth. The Pinkerton Defendants affirmatively

asserted that the challenged statements are protected by free speech and the rights to

petition and association. See id. § 27.002; In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 586 (Tex.

2015) (orig. proceeding). The Pinkerton Defendants stated that the challenged

statements were published as an exercise of his right to petition courts and elected

officials and dealt with matters of legitimate public concern. The Pinkerton

Defendants maintained that Keough’s claims were barred by the judicial-proceeding

privilege, doctrine of attorney immunity, and common-law qualified immunity.

The Pinkerton Defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss under the TCPA, arguing

Keough’s claims must be dismissed because his lawsuit is part of a strategy to silence

Pinkerton and Kenningham and prevent them from exercising their constitutional

13
rights to free speech and to petition. The Pinkerton Defendants argued that all

Keough’s claims against them tie directly to conduct taken on behalf of Kenningham

in prosecution of her just claims against Keough. The Pinkerton Defendants

maintained that the TCPA mandates dismissal of Keough’s claims because Keough

cannot present clear and specific prima facie evidence to support his claims, which

are barred by the defenses of attorney immunity and judicial-proceeding privilege.

The Pinkerton Defendants argued that sending the Pinkerton Letter and publicizing

Kenningham’s claims for sexual harassment against Keough fall within the scope of

an attorney’s duty to zealously represent his client and were performed in

contemplation of and before judicial proceedings.

The Pinkerton Defendants explained that, when they sent the Pinkerton

Letter, Pinkerton appeared in a video news release produced by Dolcefino

Consulting, an investigative media company. The video discussed Keough’s

resignation from the Church, and Keough voluntarily appeared in the video and

discussed Kenningham’s sexual harassment allegations against him. Pinkerton also

appeared in the video and discussed the nature of Kenningham’s claims against

Keough and the Church. Pinkerton stated Keough’s behavior was “pretty

disgusting[,]” that he abused his Church position, and that the Church ignored the

victim and allowed sexual harassment to continue during her employment by the

senior pastor. Pinkerton explained that after Keough received the Pinkerton Letter,

14
Keough filed his lawsuit against the Pinkerton Defendants in which Keough alleged

that the Pinkerton Letter was an extortion letter. In his suit, Keough complained that

Pinkerton appeared in the video and made statements without basis in fact to pressure

Keough to submit to the Pinkerton Defendants’ alleged extortionate demand. The

Pinkerton Defendants argued that each of Keough’s claims against them is subject

to the TCPA because the claims are premised on their having published defamatory

and false statements in the Pinkerton Letter and the internet video. The Pinkerton

Defendants maintained that the acts were based on or in response to their exercise

of their constitutional rights.

The Pinkerton Defendants maintained that Keough’s lawsuit against them is

based on or in response to their exercise of free speech rights, which includes any

communication made in connection with a matter of public concern. See Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.002. The Pinkerton Defendants explained that the

TCPA broadly defines a “matter of public concern” as a statement regarding a public

official, public figure, or other person who has drawn substantial public attention

due to the person’s official acts, fame, notoriety, or celebrity; a matter of political,

social, or other interest to the community; or a subject of concern to the public. See

id. § 27.001(7); Morris v. Daniel, 615 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2020, no pet.). The Pinkerton Defendants stated that the Pinkerton Letter

alleges that Keough made “thinly veiled threats against [Kenningham] based on his

15
status in the community[,]” and in the video Pinkerton stated that Keough “‘utilized

his position within a church’ to pursue Ms. Kenningham.” The Pinkerton Defendants

argued that as a previous politician, current County Judge, and founder and prior

senior pastor of the Church, Keough is a public official, public figure, or other person

who has drawn substantial public attention (although Keough was not a candidate at

the time of the letter). The Pinkerton Defendants also argued that the statements

about Keough’s misconduct while holding office addressed matters of political,

social, or other interest to the community or a subject of concern to the public. The

Pinkerton Defendants noted that the allegations against Keough are relevant beyond

the parties to the lawsuit because Keough abused his position as employer, pastor,

and public official by making inappropriate sexual advances toward Kenningham

and such abuse bears directly on his character and fitness for office.

The Pinkerton Defendants argued that Keough’s lawsuit against them is based

on or in response to their exercise of the right to petition. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. § 27.001 (4). The Pinkerton Defendants explained Keough’s claims

against them concern alleged misconduct while representing their client,

Kenningham. The Pinkerton Defendants noted that the TCPA defines the right to

petition to include any other communication that falls within the protection of the

right to petition government under the Constitution of the United States or the

constitution of this state. See id. § 27.001(4)(E). The Pinkerton Defendants argued

16
the right to petition applies to the pre-suit Pinkerton Letter, which demanded that

Keough’s and the Church’s liability insurers pay policy limits for Kenningham’s

claims and threatened suit if such demands were not met. See Long Canyon Phase

II & III Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Cashion, 517 S.W.3d 212, 220 (Tex. App.—

Austin 2017, no pet.); Moricz v. Long, No. 06-17-00011-CV, 2017 WL 3081512, at

*4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana July 20, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.001 (4)(E). Regarding Pinkerton’s appearance in the

video, the Pinkerton Defendants argued that Pinkerton was promoting

Kenningham’s claims against Keough and the Church, and as such his conduct falls

within the “ambit of ‘publicity and threats of litigation’” covered by the right to

petition. See Coastal States Mktg., Inc. v. Hunt, 694 F.2d 1358, 1367 (5th Cir. 1983).

The Pinkerton Defendants maintained that Keough could not meet his burden

to establish a prima facie case for the essential elements of his claims. See Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005 (c). Concerning Keough’s defamation claim, the

Pinkerton Defendants stated that since Keough is a public official or public figure,

Keough must show that (1) the Pinkerton Defendants published a statement, (2) that

was defamatory concerning Keough, and (3) while acting with actual malice. See

Dworschak v. Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling, Inc., 352 S.W.3d 191, 198

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (citing WFAA-TV, Inc. v.

McLemore, 978 S.W.2d 568, 571 (Tex. 1998)). The Pinkerton Defendants argued

17
that true statements and statements of mere opinion are statements that are not

defamatory because they cannot be verifiable as false, and the Pinkerton Defendants

maintained that the statements about which Keough complains are either

substantially true or an expression of mere opinion. See Scripps NP Operating, LLC

v. Carter, 573 S.W.3d 781, 794-95 (Tex. 2019). The Pinkerton Defendants explained

that actual malice means that the statement was made with knowledge that it is false

or with reckless disregard of whether it is true, and the Pinkerton Defendants argued

Keough could not meet his burden to show they acted with actual malice. See

Burbage v. Burbage, 447 S.W.3d 249, 254 (Tex. 2014).

Keough’s claim for civil conspiracy required him to show (1) two or more

persons; (2) an object to be accomplished; (3) a meeting of the minds on the object

or course of action; (4) one or more unlawful, overt acts; and (5) damages as a

proximate result. Henkel v. Emjo Invs., Ltd., 480 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2015, no pet.). The Pinkerton Defendants argued that Keough cannot

make a prima facie showing of a civil conspiracy. The Pinkerton Defendants

explained that civil conspiracy is a derivative tort that requires a separate underlying

tort that has caused damages, and the Pinkerton Defendants argued that Keough

cannot support any of his independent tort claims with prima facie evidence. See

Agar Corp., Inc. v. Electro Circuits Int’l, LLC, 580 S.W.3d 136, 142 (Tex. 2019).

18
The Pinkerton Defendants further argued that even if Keough could make a

prima facie showing of the elements of his claims, it would not matter, because the

Pinkerton Defendants’ actions were done in the course and scope of representing

Kenningham. The Pinkerton Defendants concluded that their defenses of attorney

immunity and judicial privilege bar Keough’s claims. The Pinkerton Defendants

argued that the TCPA required the trial court to dismiss Keough’s claims, render

judgment that Keough take nothing against the Pinkerton Defendants, award the

Pinkerton Defendants their costs and attorney’s fees, and sanction Keough and his

counsel.

The Pinkerton Defendants offered the following evidence in support of their

Motion to Dismiss: Keough’s First Amended Petition, the Pinkerton Letter, and

Pinkerton’s Declaration. In his Declaration, Pinkerton stated that before he sent the

Pinkerton Letter and appeared in the video, Kenningham hired the Pinkerton Law

Firm to represent her in a potential lawsuit against Keough. He stated that he

prepared the Pinkerton Letter and appeared in the video in the course and scope of

representing Kenningham and solely to help prosecute Kenningham’s claims against

Keough. Pinkerton maintained that he did not participate in the creation, planning,

editing, or other production of the video. He stated that he did not hire Dolcefino,

Dolcefino Consulting, or any other person to produce or create the video, and he did

not have any involvement in Keough’s interview, which occurred before he met with

19
Kenningham and learned about her claims. Pinkerton explained that he was not

involved in the alleged recording of Keough’s statement of resignation to the elders

of the Church, which also took place before he met with Kenningham.

Keough’s Response to the Pinkerton Defendants’
Motion to Dismiss under the TCPA

Keough filed a Response to the Pinkerton Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss

under the TCPA, arguing that his claims are not subject to the TCPA, and even if

they were, Keough maintained that he established a prima facie case for all his claims

and that the Pinkerton Defendants failed to establish the affirmative defenses of

attorney immunity or the judicial-proceedings privilege. Keough stated that the

Pinkerton Defendants had not shown that Keough’s claims arise from the Pinkerton

Defendants’ exercise of their rights of free speech and to petition. Keough argued

that the Pinkerton Defendants’ statements are not communications made in

connection with a matter of public concern and that not all Keough’s claims arise

from a “communication.” Keough stated that it is not enough that a plaintiff is a

public official, because Texas courts apply general-purpose and limited-purpose-

public-figure tests to determine whether the TCPA applies to a given statement. See

McLemore, 978 S.W.2d at 571; Rodriguez v. Gonzales, 566 S.W.3d 844, 850-51

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. denied).

Keough argued that he is not a general-purpose public figure because at that

time he had not achieved such pervasive fame or notoriety that he had become a
20
public figure for all purposes and in all contexts. See McLemore, 978 S.W.2d at 571;

San Antonio Express News v. Dracos, 922 S.W.2d 242, 251 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 1996, no pet.). Keough argued that he is not a limited-purpose public figure,

which requires that (1) the controversy at issue must be public in the sense that

people are discussing it and that people who are not participants in the controversy

are likely to feel the impact of the controversy’s resolution, (2) the plaintiff’s role in

the controversy must be more than trivial or tangential, and (3) the alleged

defamation must be germane to the plaintiff’s participation in the controversy at

issue. See McLemore, 978 S.W.2d at 571; Rodriguez, 566 S.W.3d at 850. Keough

argued that a defendants’ defamatory conduct placing a private matter before the

public cannot make the plaintiff a public figure and that the Pinkerton Defendants’

statements cannot be what brought the controversy into the public view or interest.

See Neely v. Wilson, 418 S.W.3d 52, 71 (Tex. 2013); see also Hutchison v. Proxmire,

443 U.S. 111, 135 (1979).

Keough argues that the Pinkerton Defendants’ defamatory publications

brought the private matter into the public sphere, and that but for the Pinkerton

Defendants’ conduct, the only people who might have discussed the controversy

were the people directly involved. Keough maintained that no one, other than the

participants in the controversy, was likely to feel the impact of its resolution. Keough

explained that the TCPA requires that the communication be relevant to the public

21
at the time it was made, and his fitness for office was not temporally relevant because

he was not a candidate asking for public support at that time. See McLane

Champions, LLC v. Hous. Baseball Partners LLC, 671 S.W.3d 907, 916-17 (Tex.

2023); Rodriguez, 566 S.W.3d at 848; Klentzman v. Brady, 312 S.W.3d 886, 905

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.). Thus, there was no temporal

connection between the defamatory statements and any matter of public concern.

Keough maintains that his claim for civil conspiracy does not involve a

“communication” made in connection with a matter of public concern and falls

outside the TCPA’s reach. Keough notes that the elements of civil conspiracy do not

require proof of any communication. See Agar Corp., Inc., 580 S.W.3d at 141.

Keough also notes that a claim for civil conspiracy is not an independent tort and

that it is connected to the underlying tort and survives or fails along with it.

Keough argued that the right to petition is not implicated because there was

no pending judicial proceeding when the Pinkerton Defendants made their

statements. Keough stated at the hearing on the TCPA motion that no charge of

sexual harassment had been filed within the jurisdictional time frame (within 180

days of the last discriminatory act alleged to have been committed by Keough against

Kenningham) as required by the Texas Labor Code and the Equal Employment

Opportunity Act (EEO). See Tex. Lab. Code Ann. § 21.201 (a)-(c); 42 U.S.C. §

2000e-2. Keough argued the Pinkerton Letter does not implicate the Pinkerton

22
Defendants’ right to petition the government because there were no issues under

consideration by a judicial body with which it could have been connected, and no

discrimination charge had been filed. Keough maintained that the Pinkerton Letter

does not constitute a communication in or pertaining to a judicial proceeding because

there was no pending proceeding. See Levatino v. Apple Tree Café Touring, Inc.,

486 S.W.3d 724, 728-29 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2016, pet. denied); see also Mattress

Firm, Inc. v. Deitch, 612 S.W.3d 467, 486 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2020,

pet. denied). Keough argued the baseless Pinkerton Letter was a “sham petition” that

cannot implicate the right to petition the government because it was an extortionate

attempt disguised as settlement negotiations concerning a purely private matter.

Concerning his claims, Keough initially stated that he opposed the dismissal

of his claims against the Pinkerton Defendants for the violation of Texas wiretap

laws, tortious interference with fiduciary duty, tortious interference with contract,

tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, and intentional infliction

of emotional distress. However, Keough also admitted that, if the trial court did not

grant his request for limited discovery, and the TCPA applied to this case, then he

did not have sufficient evidence to oppose the dismissal of his claims for violation

of the Texas wiretap laws, tortious interference with contract, and tortious

interference with prospective economic advantage. The trial court’s docket sheet

shows the trial court denied Keough’s Motion for Expedited Discovery.

23
However, Keough’s point is that the TCPA does not apply to his causes of

action at all. Keough attached the following evidence to his Response: Keough’s

Declaration, Keough’s “Private Confession,” Keough’s First Amended Petition, the

Pinkerton Letter, Declaration of Bruce Allegar, Declaration of Lucile Landis, and

the transcript of the video.

In his Declaration, Keough denied the allegations against him, including

Pinkerton’s statement in the video that Keough used his position in the Church to

sexually harass Kenningham. Keough stated that the Pinkerton Defendants and

others published false and defamatory statements in the video to damage his

reputation and career. Keough stated that the Pinkerton Defendants’ Pinkerton Letter

“is replete with nine-figure numbers . . . but contains no cause of action.” Keough

stated the Pinkerton Defendants demanded $6.5 million or policy limits and

Keough’s resignation as County Judge, a promise to never lead a church, and a

public admission to the Pinkerton Letter’s falsehoods for the false harassment

allegations by Kenningham, and the Pinkerton Defendants also threatened to

demand and recover $200 million. Keough explained that Pinkerton admitted in the

Pinkerton Letter that he wanted Keough to be “dead broke” and “in jail[,]” and the

Pinkerton Defendants included false allegations unrelated to Kenningham’s

allegations.

24
The Pinkerton Defendants’ Reply to Keough’s Response to his Motion to Dismiss

The Pinkerton Defendants filed a Reply to Keough’s Response to his Motion

to Dismiss, arguing that Keough’s claims about the Pinkerton Letter are not

actionable under Texas law and are designed to silence the Pinkerton Defendants in

their efforts to pursue Kenningham’s valid claims against Keough. The Pinkerton

Defendants argued the trial court should grant their TCPA motion and dismiss the

claims Keough admitted that he has no evidence to support and award them

attorney’s fees for those claims. The Pinkerton Defendants maintained that the

TCPA applies to Keough’s remaining claims of defamation and civil conspiracy

because the Pinkerton Letter and Pinkerton’s video appearance qualify as exercises

of the right of free speech under the TCPA. The Pinkerton Defendants explained that

the TCPA defines a matter of public concern to include statements regarding a public

official, public figure, or other person who has drawn substantial public attention,

and that Keough’s status as a public official is sufficient to invoke the TCPA. The

Pinkerton Defendants argued that it was Keough’s position as an elected official that

places him in the public eye and not anything that the Pinkerton Defendants said

about Keough. The Pinkerton Defendants argued that the citizens of Montgomery

County have a right to know about the character and misdeeds of their public

officials, because it is a matter of great public concern. See Polk Cnty. Publ’g Co. v.

Coleman, 685 S.W.3d 71, 76 (Tex. 2024).

25
The Pinkerton Defendants also reiterated the argument that their alleged

conduct constituted an exercise of the right to petition, which includes pre-suit

demand letters. See Cashion, 517 S.W.3d at 220; Moricz, 2017 WL 3081512, at *4;

see also Mattress Firm, Inc., 612 S.W.3d at 486-87. The Pinkerton Defendants

argued the Pinkerton Letter was not a “sham” and included references to documents

supporting Kenningham’s sexual harassment allegations, which are not so

objectively baseless that no reasonable litigant could expect success on the merits.

The Pinkerton Defendants also argued Keough failed to meet his burden to show a

prima facie case for each essential element of his claims for defamation and civil

conspiracy. The Pinkerton Defendants acknowledged that their defenses of attorney

immunity and the judicial-proceeding privilege bar Keough’s claims based on the

Pinkerton Letter but not the video, and the Pinkerton Defendants concluded it does

not matter because Keough cannot make a prima facie case to support his claims.

TCPA Hearing and the Trial Court’s Order

The trial court conducted a hearing during which it considered the parties’ oral

arguments about the dismissal of Keough’s claims under the TCPA. Keough’s

counsel stated that there were several claims Keough was not able to pursue without

allowing for discovery. Keough’s counsel explained that, concerning the Pinkerton

Defendants, Keough contested the dismissal of his claims because the TCPA did not

apply. After considering the Pinkerton Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss under the

26
TCPA, Keough’s Response, any replies, evidence, and the arguments of counsel, the

trial court denied Keough’s motion for discovery and denied the Pinkerton

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss under the TCPA. The Pinkerton Defendants filed

this interlocutory appeal.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court’s denial of a TCPA motion to dismiss de novo. See

Adams v. Starside Custom Builders, LLC, 547 S.W.3d 890, 897 (Tex. 2018); Walker

v. Hartman, 516 S.W.3d 71, 79-80 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2017, pet. denied). We

consider the pleadings, evidence we could consider under Rule 166a, and affidavits

stating facts on which liability or any defense is based in the light most favorable to

the nonmovant. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.006 (a); In re Lipsky,

460 S.W.3d at 587; see also Dall. Morning News, Inc. v. Hall, 579 S.W.3d 370, 377

(Tex. 2019) (citation omitted); Nobles v. United States Precious Metals, L.L.C., No.

09-19-00335-CV, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 2553, at *5 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Mar.

26, 2020, pet. denied). We also review de novo whether the parties met their burdens

of proof under section 27.005 of the TCPA. See Landry’s, Inc. v. Animal Legal Def.

Fund, 631 S.W.3d 40, 45-46 (Tex. 2021) (citation omitted); Hall, 579 S.W.3d at

377.

27
TCPA FRAMEWORK

The TCPA is meant “to encourage and safeguard the constitutional rights of

persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and otherwise participate in

government to the maximum extent permitted by law and, at the same time, protect

the rights of a person to file meritorious lawsuits for demonstrable injury.” Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.002 (emphasis added). The TCPA instructs courts to

liberally construe it to ensure its stated purpose and intent are fully effectuated, but

it “does not abrogate or lessen any other defense, remedy, immunity, or privilege

available under other constitutional, statutory, case, or common law or rule

provisions.” See id. § 27.011(a), (b); ExxonMobil Pipeline Co. v. Coleman, 512

S.W.3d 895, 898 (Tex. 2017) (citation omitted) (noting directive to liberally

construe). Under the TCPA, a party may move to dismiss a “legal action” that is

“based on or is in response to a party’s exercise of the right of free speech, right to

petition, or right of association[.]” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.003 (a);

see also Creative Oil & Gas, LLC v. Lona Hills Ranch, LLC, 591 S.W.3d 127, 131

(Tex. 2019). The TCPA defines the “[e]xercise of the right of free speech” as “a

communication made in connection with a matter of public concern.” Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. § 27.001 (3); see Montano v. Cronan, No. 09-20-00232-CV,

2021 WL 2963801, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont July 15, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.).

28
The TCPA “provides a three-step process for the dismissal of a ‘legal action’

to which it applies.” Montelongo v. Abrea, 622 S.W.3d 290, 296 (Tex. 2021) (citing

Castleman v. Internet Money Ltd., 546 S.W.3d 684, 691 (Tex. 2018)); see also Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005 (b)-(d). First, the movant bears the initial

burden to “demonstrate[] that the legal action is based on or is in response to[ ]” the

movant’s exercise of: “(A) the right of free speech; (B) the right to petition; or (C)

the right of association[.]” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005 (b)(1)(A)-

(C). If the movant establishes that the nonmovant’s claim implicates one of these

rights, the burden shifts to the nonmovant to “‘establish[ ] by clear and specific

evidence a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim in question.’”

Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 587 (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005 (c)).

A “prima facie case” means “evidence sufficient as a matter of law to establish a

given fact if it is not rebutted or contradicted.” Id. at 590 (citation omitted). It is the

“‘minimum quantum of evidence necessary to support a rational inference that the

allegation of fact is true.’” Id. (quoting In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 136

S.W.3d 218, 223 (Tex. 2004)). Clear and specific evidence means that the “plaintiff

must provide enough detail to show the factual basis for [his] claim.” Id. at 591.

Finally, if the nonmovant establishes his prima facie case, the burden shifts back to

the movant to establish each essential element of an affirmative defense by a

preponderance of the evidence. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005 (d);

29
Youngkin v. Hines, 546 S.W.3d 675, 679-80 (Tex. 2018); Coleman, 512 S.W.3d at

899.

ANALYSIS

In issue one, the Pinkerton Defendants argue the trial court erred by failing to

find that the TCPA applies to Keough’s legal action. The Pinkerton Defendants

contend that they satisfied their burden to show the TCPA applies to Keough’s

claims, which are based on or in response to the Pinkerton Defendants’ exercise of

their constitutional rights of free speech and to petition. The Pinkerton Defendants

argue that exercise of free speech includes any communication made in connection

with a matter of public concern, and that statements that concern a public official or

public figure are sufficient to be a matter of public concern. According to the

Pinkerton Defendants, “[i]f a suit is made by a government official and the

statements on which the suit is based allege misconduct against that official, no other

facts are needed for the TCPA to apply.” The Pinkerton Defendants argue the TCPA

would also apply if a suit is based on statements about a plaintiff who is a public

figure, even to only a subset of the public.

Keough argues that the TCPA does not protect criminal conduct and that the

Pinkerton Defendants’ conduct, which includes the “Pinkerton Letter” and related

video appearance, constitutes attempted extortion for the sole purpose of obtaining

money through coercion and is not an exercise of the right of free speech under the

30
TCPA. According to Keough, the TCPA exists to protect constitutional rights, and

extortion is not protected by the First Amendment. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§

31.01 (1)(A) (Definition of Deception), 31.03(a) (Theft); see also id. §§ 1.07(a)(9)

(C), (D), (E) (Definition of Coercion), 15.01 (Criminal Attempt). Keough contends

that the Pinkerton Defendants’ attempted extortionary conduct included threatening

to accuse Keough of a crime, exposing him to ridicule, and destroying his reputation

unless Keough agreed to pay $6.5 million within sixteen days. Keough argues that

the Pinkerton Defendants’ Pinkerton Letter, claiming up to $200 million in damages,

is multitudes beyond any claim for damages that Kenningham could legitimately

recover for an alleged claim of sexual harassment, and the Pinkerton Defendants’

extraneous allegations and additional threats in the Pinkerton Letter to destroy

Keough’s reputation have no nexus to Kenningham’s claims. Keough maintains that

even though Pinkerton did not advance all the alleged falsehoods during his

appearance in the video, the Pinkerton Defendants did not segregate the protected

conduct from the unprotected, and Pinkerton’s appearance was “part and parcel of

the extraordinary threats he made in the demand letter.”

Keough argues that the Pinkerton Defendants’ extortionary Pinkerton Letter,

which did not contain any mention of a legitimate cause of action, is also not

protected petitioning activity because the TCPA does not protect “sham litigation[,]”

which is not genuinely aimed at procuring a favorable governmental action. Keough

31
contends that the Pinkerton Defendants’ Pinkerton Letter is an objectively baseless

and barely disguised attempt to obtain money and to directly harm him and that no

reasonable litigant could realistically expect success being predicted at a trial on the

merits. According to Keough, the Pinkerton Letter failed to identify a legitimate

cause of action or describe the basis of any supposed liability, and the only

conclusion that can be drawn is that the Pinkerton Defendants sent the letter purely

for harassment and extortion and not as a legitimate exercise of free speech.

In determining whether the Pinkerton Defendants met their burden to

demonstrate that Keough’s claims were based on the Pinkerton Defendants’ exercise

of their rights of free speech and to petition, we consider the pleadings, evidence a

court could consider under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a, and any supporting

and opposing affidavits. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.006 (a). “We

decide the applicability of the TCPA based on ‘a holistic review’ of the pleadings

and supporting and opposing affidavits.” Montano, 2021 WL 2963801, at *4 (citing

Adams, 547 S.W.3d at 897). “We consider these materials in the light most favorable

to the nonmovant, and we favor the conclusion that claims are not predicated on

protected expression.” Moore v. Shaw, No. 05-22-01148-CV, 2024 Tex. App.

LEXIS 1976, at **3-4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 20, 2024, no pet.) (mem. op.). The

TCPA defines the “[e]xercise of the right of free speech” as “a communication made

32
in connection with a matter of public concern.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§ 27.001 (3).

The TCPA further defines “[m]atter of public concern” as:

. . . a statement or activity regarding:

(A) a public official, public figure, or other person who has drawn
substantial public attention due to the person’s official acts, fame,
notoriety, or celebrity;

(B) a matter of political, social, or other interest to the community; or

(C) a subject of concern to the public.

Id. § 27.001(7). “The phrase ‘matter of public concern’ commonly refers to matters

‘of political, social, or other concern to the community,’ and a subject of general

interest and of value and concern to the public, as opposed to purely private matters.”

Montano, 2021 WL 2963801, at *4; see also Creative Oil, 591 S.W.3d at 135

(quoting Brady, 515 S.W.3d at 884). “A ‘matter of public concern’ includes an issue

related to health or safety[.]” MediaOne, L.L.C. v. Henderson, 592 S.W.3d 933, 940

(Tex. App.—Tyler 2019, pet. denied). “Public matters include, among other things,

‘commission of crime, prosecutions resulting from it, and judicial proceedings

arising from the prosecutions.’” Brady, 515 S.W.3d at 884 (citation omitted). For all

the rights protected under the TCPA, the statute defines “[c]ommunication” as “the

making or submitting of a statement or document in any form or medium, including

33
oral, visual, written, audiovisual, or electronic.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§ 27.001 (1).

The “[e]xercise of the right to petition” includes “any other communication

that falls within the protection of the right to petition government under the

Constitution of the United States or the constitution of this state.” Id. § 27.001(4)(E);

see U.S. CONST. amend. I (“Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the right

of the people . . . to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”); Tex.

Const. art. I, § 27 (“The citizens shall have the right . . . [to] apply to those invested

with the powers of government for redress of grievances or other purposes, by

petition, address or remonstrance.”). A demand letter that includes meritless claims

made in bad faith is an act of “sham petitioning” and is a category of speech that

falls outside the protection of the First Amendment because the allegations are

“objectively baseless[;]” such that “‘no reasonable litigant could realistically expect

success on the merits.’” Cashion, 517 S.W.3d at 221-22 (citation omitted); see Avire,

LLC v. Priority I Aviation Inc., No. 14-21-00172-CV, 2022 WL 1010374, at *6 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2022, no pet.). Additionally, statements made between

parties during potential settlement negotiations in advance of any litigation being

filed are “‘purely private matters’ and do not implicate a party’s constitutional right

to petition the government for redress of grievances.” Mattress Firm, Inc., 612

34
S.W.3d at 488 (citing Creative Oil & Gas, LLC, 591 S.W.3d at 135); see also Tex.

Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.001 (4)(E).

A Demand Letter sent pursuant to the Stowers doctrine should contain

allegations that “(1) the claim is within the scope of coverage; (2) a demand [is

being] made that [is] within policy limits; and (3) the demand [is] such that an

ordinary, prudent insurer would [] accept[] it, considering the likelihood and degree

of the insured’s potential exposure to an excess judgment.” Seger v. Yorkshire Ins.

Co., 503 S.W.3d 388, 395-96 (Tex. 2016). Although the Pinkerton Defendants

described the letter as a “Stowers Letter,” the allegations contained in the letter do

not set forth the specific damages that their client is entitled to recover which are

covered by the alleged insurance policy, how those damages are calculated, how

those damages are covered by the policy, how any damages may exceed the policy

limits, or how any potential damages Kenningham could have, if proven, could

exceed $10 million. The twenty-eight-page letter, with additional attachments,

contains personal attacks and salacious allegations. The letter demands an agreement

within sixteen days of receipt.

Keough argues that the sending of the letter to third parties, in combination

with appearing in the “Sins of a Pastor” production aired by Dolcefino the same day

that Pinkerton sent the Pinkerton Letter (and included the video as an exhibit to the

Pinkerton Letter), amounts to criminal extortion considering the urgent demand to

35
agree to the payment of $10 million or the policy limits of Keough and the Church’s

liability insurance policy. Extortion is a form of theft as defined under the Penal

Code. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 31.02. The Texas Penal Code defines theft as

“unlawfully appropriating property with intent to deprive the owner of the property.”

Id. § 31.03(a). “Property” includes money. Id. § 31.01(5)(C). Extortion, or attempted

extortion, is theft when one attempts to obtain property “induced by deception or

coercion[.]” Id. §§ 31.01(3)(A), 31.03(a); see also id. § 15.01 (defining attempt).

“Coercion” includes threats “to accuse a person of any offense[,] to expose a person

to hatred, contempt or ridicule[,]” or “to harm the credit or business repute of any

person[.]” Id. § 1.07(a)(9)(C), (D), (E).

We conclude that the Pinkerton Defendants’ communications in the Pinkerton

Letter and video are not protected speech under the First Amendment when viewed

in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. A holistic view of the pleadings and

evidence submitted shows the letter and video could reasonably be construed as

containing an attempt to extort money and concessions from Keough and the

insurance carrier in millions of dollars. There was no lawsuit or Charge of

Discrimination pending at the time the Pinkerton Letter was published to third

parties. The letter does not merely demand a sum of money in exchange for which a

claim would be settled; it threatens to “expose” Keough and to take him “down a

few pegs” by “ensur[ing]” that “all” the allegations contained in the letter would be

36
made public unless Keough were to resign as county judge, agree never to serve in

a church leadership position, admit to wrongdoing while showing remorse, and agree

to a protective order, and unless the insurance company were to pay $10 million, all

within 16 days. In construing the TCPA, we are mindful of its fundamental purpose,

which is to encourage and safeguard the constitutional rights of persons to petition

and speak freely to the maximum extent permitted by law and to protect the rights

of a person to file meritorious suits for demonstrable injury. See Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. § 27.002. However, the First Amendment does not protect “‘speech

integral to criminal conduct[]’” or speech that is the “‘very vehicle’ of a crime itself.”

Sanchez v. Striever, 614 S.W.3d 233, 244 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020,

no pet.) (citing U.S. v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 717-18 (2012)); Leachman v. Stephens,

No. 02-13-00357-CV, 2016 WL 6648747, at *18 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 10,

2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (op. on reh’g). “[T]here is no constitutional right to

engage in criminal behavior or commit civil wrongs.” Sanchez, 614 S.W.3d at 244

(citing Bandin v. Free & Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, 590

S.W.3d 647, 653 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, pet. denied)). Thus, only

law-abiding participation comes within the TCPA’s purview. Id. at 245; Grant v.

Finecy, No. 02-23-00310-CV, 2023 WL 8940395, at *7 (Tex. App. —Fort Worth

Dec. 28, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.).

37
Because the Pinkerton Defendants’ conduct may have constituted an attempt

to extort Keough, we conclude that by sending the so-called Pinkerton Letter, which

threatened to defame and ruin Keough, demanding that Keough pay money in order

to avoid defamation, and by appearing in the video, which could be construed as an

action to further the conspiracy to defame Keough, the Pinkerton Defendants have

not established that they were exercising a right of free speech or the right to petition

under the TCPA. See Sanchez, 614 S.W.3d at 244. The Pinkerton Defendants have

failed to meet their burden to demonstrate that their threatening communications,

which may have amounted to criminal conduct (attempted extortion), are protected

communications within the meaning of the TCPA. See Whitelock v. Stewart, 661

S.W.3d 583, 606 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2023, pet. denied); Pena Garza v. Vaughn,

No. 13-23-00134-CV, 2024 WL 4707814, at *4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-

Edinburg Nov. 7, 2024, pet. denied) (mem. op.); Grant, 2023 WL 8940395, at *7;

Bandin, 590 S.W.3d at 653. Accordingly, the Pinkerton Defendants’

communications are not protected speech under the First Amendment because they

include “‘speech integral to criminal conduct[]’” or speech that is the “‘very vehicle’

of a crime itself.” Sanchez, 614 S.W.3d at 244 (citing Alvarez, 567 U.S. at 717-18);

Leachman, 2016 WL 6648747, at *18.

We agree with the trial court and conclude the Pinkerton Defendants failed to

meet their burden to “demonstrate” the legal action brought by Keough “is based on

38
or is in response to” the Pinkerton Defendants’ “exercise” of their rights of free

speech and to petition. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005 (b)(1)(A),

(B). Thus, the TCPA does not apply, and the trial court did not err by denying the

Pinkerton Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. See id. We overrule issue one. Since the

Pinkerton Defendants failed to establish Keough’s legal action implicates their rights

of free speech and to petition, we do not address the Pinkerton Defendants’

complaint in issue two that the trial court erred by failing to grant their motion and

finding that Keough had established the prima facie case for each essential element

of his claims by clear and specific evidence. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

The Pinkerton Defendants argue we should at least dismiss Keough’s claims

for violation of Texas wiretap laws, tortious interference with fiduciary duty, tortious

interference with contract, tortious interference with prospective economic

advantage, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, because Keough—not

having had an opportunity to conduct discovery—conceded he could not provide the

trial court evidence of those claims. But Keough was not required to produce any

such evidence, because the Pinkerton Defendants failed to satisfy the first step of the

TCPA’s three-step framework. As a result, the burden never shifted to Keough to

produce prima facie evidence of any of his claims. See Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 587.

We conclude the trial court correctly denied the Pinkerton Defendants’ TCPA

39
motion to dismiss Keough’s claims, even those claims for which Keough conceded

he had no evidence.

CONCLUSION

Having determined that the Pinkerton Defendants failed to establish that

Keough’s claims are based on or in response to the exercise of their First

Amendment rights of free speech and to petition, we conclude the trial court did not

err by denying the Pinkerton Defendants’ TCPA Motion to Dismiss those claims.

Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s Order denying the Pinkerton Defendants’

TCPA motion to dismiss.

AFFIRMED.

JAY WRIGHT
Justice

Submitted on February 12, 2026
Opinion Delivered March 26, 2026

Before Golemon, C.J., Wright and Chambers, JJ.

40