USTR Initiates Section 301 Investigations on Forced Labor Goods

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ACTION:

Notice of initiation, request for comments and notice of public hearings.

SUMMARY:

The U.S. Trade Representative (Trade Representative) is initiating investigations with respect to acts, policies, and practices
of the economies listed in Annex A of this notice related to the failure to impose and effectively enforce a prohibition on
the importation of goods produced with forced labor. USTR is seeking public comments in connection with these investigations
and will hold public hearings.

DATES:

March 12, 2026: The Trade Representative initiated the investigation.

April 15, 2026: To be assured of consideration, submit written comments and any requests to appear at the hearing, along with a summary of
the testimony, by this date.

April 28: The Section 301 Committee will convene public hearings in the main hearing room of the U.S. International Trade Commission,
500 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20436, beginning at 10:00 a.m., continuing, as necessary, until May 1.

Seven days after the last day of the public hearings: Submit post-hearing rebuttal comments.

ADDRESSES:

Submit documents in response to this notice, including written comments, rebuttal comments, and requests to appear through
USTR's electronic portal: https://comments.ustr.gov/s/. The docket number for written comments and rebuttal comments is USTR-2026-0133. The docket number for requests to appear is
USTR-2026-0134.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

For procedural questions concerning comments or participating in the public hearing, contact the USTR Section 301 support
line at (202) 395-5725. For all other questions regarding this notice, please contact Megan Grimball, Co-Chair of the Section
301 Committee, or Associate General Counsel Benjamin Allen.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

For almost 100 years, U.S. law has prohibited the importation of goods mined, produced, or manufactured in whole or in part
with forced labor. This prohibition recognizes not only the humanitarian concerns associated with allowing parties to profit
from the suffering of others but also foreign policy and national security concerns arising from the exploitation of workers.
Such exploitation threatens domestic producers who must compete with foreign goods produced with an artificial cost advantage
and may harm U.S. workers and citizens through distorting competition and the purchase of goods produced under exploitative
conditions. Ending forced labor is a key priority and an economic and national security imperative for the United States.

Forced labor may be understood as work or service extracted from a person under the menace of any penalty for its nonperformance
and for which the worker does not offer himself voluntarily. In addition to U.S.

  constitutional and statutory prohibitions against forced labor, it is universally recognized under international law that
  forced labor is a practice that should not be tolerated. For instance, the United Nations *Universal Declaration of Human Rights* (1948) holds that “[n]o one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all
  their forms.” Further, the International Labour Organization (ILO) *Abolition of Forced Labour Convention,* 1957 (No. 105) has achieved near universal ratification. Similarly, the nearly universally ratified *International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights* (1976) provides that “[n]o one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour.” Finally, the ILO *Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up* (1998), as amended in 2022, includes the “elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour” among its fundamental rights.

However, despite this clear and longstanding consensus, the use of forced labor across the world continues to persist and
has even increased in recent years. The ILO estimates that as of 2021, 3.5 out of every 1,000 people, or 28 million people,
globally are in forced labor. Moreover, it estimates that between 2016 and 2021, the number of people in forced labor increased
by 2.7 million. According to the ILO, this increase was driven entirely by forced labor in the private economy.

Firms using forced labor incur artificially lower labor costs, and, as a result, are able to sell their goods at a lower price
than they would otherwise. The ILO estimates that in 2024 the profits from forced labor in the global private economy amounted
to roughly $63.9 billion annually, with annual profits per victim of $2,113 in the agriculture sector and $4,994 in the industry
sector, the highest among sectors in the private economy.

Forced labor taints the entire supply chain in which it exists. For example, the U.S. Department of Labor's 2024 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor (TVPRA List) includes 134 products produced with forced labor in particular countries. The TVPRA List includes 34 downstream goods in particular countries that are produced with inputs that are produced with forced labor. These
inputs made with forced labor include cotton used to produce garments, textiles, thread and yarn; critical minerals used to
produce solar products or auto-parts; fish used to produce fish oil and fish meal; and palm fruit used to produce kernel or
palm oil used in various cooking oils and biofuels.

The United States has led the way to prevent trade in goods produced using forced labor, which are readily available in global
supply chains. For example, at present, U.S. Customs and Border Protection has issued 54 withhold release orders and eight
findings with respect to various goods whose entry into the United States is prohibited under the U.S. forced labor import
prohibition. This data likely understates the number of goods produced using forced labor globally, as research on forced
labor can be particularly challenging.

The United States has consistently engaged with trading partners to prevent trade in goods produced with forced labor. In
response to this engagement, Canada, Mexico, and the European Union have adopted measures intended to stop the importation
or sale of products produced using forced labor. More recently, in the context of ongoing U.S. reciprocal trade agreement
negotiations, several countries have committed to adopt such measures. However, none of these countries has adopted and effectively
enforced a forced labor import prohibition to date. Although a majority of countries prohibit forced labor as a matter of
law within their jurisdiction, such prohibitions are insufficient to prevent firms from profiting from forced labor. In the
absence of a forced labor import prohibition that is effectively enforced, firms can continue to source, use, and profit from
imported products produced with forced labor, even if the use of forced labor is prohibited domestically.

The failure to prevent trade in products produced with forced labor may negatively affect U.S. commerce. In markets without
forced labor import prohibitions, U.S. exports are required to compete with products produced wholly or in part with forced
labor, including products that have been denied entry to the U.S. market and subsequently re-exported. The conditions of competition
may skew to favor artificially low-cost imports produced by forced labor or incorporating forced labor inputs. Companies that
do not use or rely on imports produced with forced labor may lose sales or revenues or even be pushed out of the marketplace.

II. Initiation of Section 301 Investigation

Section 302(b)(1)(A) of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended (Trade Act), authorizes the Trade Representative to initiate an
investigation to determine whether an act, policy, or practice of a foreign country is actionable under Section 301 of the
Trade Act. Actionable matters under Section 301 include acts, policies, and practices of a foreign country that are unreasonable
or discriminatory and burden or restrict U.S. commerce. An act, policy, or practice is unreasonable if it, while not necessarily
in violation of, or inconsistent with, the international legal rights of the United States, is otherwise unfair and inequitable.
In addition, Section 301(d)(3)(B)(iii)(III) specifies that an act, policy, or practice is unreasonable if it constitutes a
persistent pattern of conduct that permits any form of forced or compulsory labor.

On March 12, 2026, the Trade Representative initiated Section 301 investigations to examine whether the failure of the various
economies listed in Annex A to prohibit the importation of goods produced wholly or in part with forced labor is unreasonable
or discriminatory and burdens or restricts U.S. commerce. Pursuant to Section 302(b)(1)(B) of the Trade Act, USTR has consulted
with appropriate advisory committees and the inter-agency Section 301 Committee. Pursuant to Section 303(a) of the Trade Act,
USTR is requesting consultations with the governments of the economies under investigation. Pursuant to Section 304 of the
Trade Act, USTR will determine whether the acts, policies, or practices under investigation are actionable under Section 301.
If any determination is affirmative, the Trade Representative must determine whether action is appropriate, and if so, what
action to take.

III. Request for Public Comments

You may submit written comments on any issue covered by these investigations. In particular, USTR invites comments regarding:

• Whether any economy subject to these investigations maintains or is in the process of establishing a forced labor import prohibition, and whether any such import prohibition is being effectively enforced.

• The extent to which the failure of any economy to establish and effectively enforce a forced labor import prohibition is
  unreasonable, discriminates against U.S. goods, or constitutes a persistent pattern of conduct that permits any form of forced
  or compulsory labor.
  • The extent to which the failure of any economy to establish and effectively enforce a forced labor import prohibition has
  negatively affected U.S. commerce, such as through lost U.S. exports or economic output, lower prices for U.S. goods, or lower
  wages for U.S. workers.

• What action, if any, should be taken to address these issues, including:
  ○ The level and scope, if any, of duties on products of any economy subject to these investigations.

○ The level and scope, if any, of import restrictions on products of any economy subject to these investigations.

• The appropriate aggregate level of trade to be covered by any additional duties on products of any economy subject to these investigations.

IV. Hearing Participation

The Section 301 Committee will convene public hearings on April 28, 2026, in the main hearing room of the U.S. International
Trade Commission, 500 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20436, beginning at 10:00 a.m. The hearings may continue, as necessary,
until May 1. To testify at the hearings, you must submit a request to appear using the electronic portal at https://comments.ustr.gov/s/, following the instructions in Part V below. Requests to appear must include a summary of testimony, and may be accompanied
by a prehearing submission. Remarks at the hearings are limited to five minutes to allow for possible questions from the Section
301 Committee. All submissions must be in English. To be assured of consideration, USTR must receive your request to appear
and summary of the testimony by April 15, 2026.

V. Submissions Instructions

Interested persons must submit written comments, requests to appear at the hearing, summaries of testimony, and post-hearing
rebuttal comments using the appropriate docket on the portal at https://comments.ustr.gov/s/. To make a submission, use the docket on the portal entitled `Request for Comments on the Section 301 Investigation of Acts,
Policies, and Practices of Various Economies Related to the Failure to Impose and Effectively Enforce a Prohibition on the
Importation of Goods Produced with Forced Labor,' docket number USTR-2026-0133.

Interested persons wishing to provide testimony at the hearing must submit a notification of intent and summary of testimony
using the docket entitled `Request to Appear at the Hearing on the Section 301 Investigations of Acts, Policies, and Practices
of Various Economies Related to the Failure to Impose and Effectively Enforce a Prohibition on the Importation of Goods Produced
with Forced Labor,' docket number USTR-2026-0134.

You do not need to establish an account to submit comments or a notification of intent to testify. The first screen allows
you to enter identification and contact information. Third party organizations such as law firms, trade associations, or customs
brokers should identify the full legal name of the organization they represent and identify the primary point of contact for
the submission. Information fields are optional. However, USTR may not consider your comment or request if insufficient information
is provided.

Fields with a gray Business Confidential Information (BCI) notation are for BCI information that will not be made publicly
available. Fields with a green (Public) notation will be viewable by the public.

After entering the identification and contact information, you can complete the remainder of the comment, or any portion of
it, by clicking Next.' You may upload documents at the end of the form and indicate whether USTR should treat the documents
as business confidential or public information. Any page containing BCI must be clearly markedBUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL' on
the top of that page and the submission should clearly indicate, via brackets, highlighting, or other means, the specific
information that is BCI. If you request business confidential treatment, you must certify in writing that the information
would not customarily be released to the public. Parties uploading attachments containing BCI also must submit a public version
of their comments. If these procedures are not sufficient to protect BCI or otherwise protect business interests, please contact
the USTR Section 301 support line at 202.395.5725 to discuss whether alternative arrangements are possible.

USTR will post attachments uploaded to the docket for public inspection, except for properly designated BCI. You can view
submissions on USTR's electronic portal at https://comments.ustr.gov/s/.

Jennifer Thornton, General Counsel, Office of the United States Trade Representative.

Annex A

Economies subject to these investigations:

1. Algeria

2. Angola

3. Argentina

4. Australia

5. The Bahamas

6. Bahrain

7. Bangladesh

8. Brazil

9. Cambodia

10. Canada

11. Chile

12. China, People's Republic of

13. Colombia

14. Costa Rica

15. Dominican Republic

16. Ecuador

17. Egypt

18. El Salvador

19. European Union

20. Guatemala

21. Guyana

22. Honduras

23. Hong Kong, China

24. India

25. Indonesia

26. Iraq

27. Israel

28. Japan

29. Jordan

30. Kazakhstan

31. Kuwait

32. Libya

33. Malaysia

34. Mexico

35. Morocco

36. New Zealand

37. Nicaragua

38. Nigeria

39. Norway

40. Oman

41. Pakistan

42. Peru

43. Philippines

44. Qatar

45. Russia

46. Saudi Arabia

47. Singapore

48. South Africa

49. South Korea

50. Sri Lanka

51. Switzerland

52. Taiwan

53. Thailand

54. Trinidad and Tobago

55. Türkiye

56. United Arab Emirates

57. United Kingdom

58. Uruguay

59. Venezuela

60. Vietnam

[FR Doc. 2026-05151 Filed 3-16-26; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 3390-F4-P

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