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Feb. 6, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

State of Alabama v. Kala Blakely and Bartley Evan Blakely

Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama

• Citations: None known
• Docket Number: CR-2025-0337

• Judges: Judge Anderson

• Opinion

• Authorities (51)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (4.7K)

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Combined Opinion

Rel: February 6, 2026

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.
Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue,
Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections
may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.

Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals
OCTOBER TERM, 2025-2026

---

CR-2025-0337

---

State of Alabama

v.

Kala Blakely and Bartley Evan Blakely

Appeal from Jefferson Circuit Court
(CC-21-2007 and CC-21-2466)

ANDERSON, Judge.

The State of Alabama appeals from the Jefferson Circuit Court's

pretrial order suppressing evidence of text messages recovered from

cellular telephones belonging to Kala Blakely ("Kala") and Bartley Evan

Blakely ("Bartley"), as well as evidence obtained pursuant to a November
CR-2025-0337

2021 search warrant, under the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine. See

Rule 15.7(a), Ala. R. Crim. P. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the

circuit court's order granting Kala and Bartley's motions to suppress and

remand these matters to the circuit court.

Facts and Procedural History

On October 22, 2021, a Jefferson County grand jury indicted Kala

for one count of attempted murder of A.B., Kala and Bartley's adopted

daughter, see §§ 13A-4-2 and 13A-6-2, Ala. Code 1975, and one count of

aggravated child abuse, see § 26-15-3.1, Ala. Code 1975. On December

10, 2021, a Jefferson County grand jury reindicted Kala for the attempted

murder and aggravated child abuse of A.B., and it returned an

indictment against Bartley for the attempted murder and aggravated

child abuse of A.B. At the State's request, the circuit court ordered that

the cases against both Kala and Bartley be joined because "the

Defendants [were] alleged to have participated in the same act or

transaction; the offenses [were] part of a common conspiracy, scheme, or

plan; and the offenses are otherwise so closely connected that it would be

difficult to separate proof of one from proof of another." (C. 104; 157.)

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CR-2025-0337

On or about April 9, 2025, Kala and Bartley each filed a "Motion to

Suppress Unlawfully Obtained Digital Forensic Evidence," claiming that

law-enforcement officers unlawfully obtained digital evidence from the

Blakelys' cellular telephones. Specifically, they noted that the affidavit

supporting the application for the search warrant leading to the seizure

and search of the phones, submitted in October 2021 ("the October

affidavit"), asked that law-enforcement officers be allowed to seize " '[a]ll

mobile devices, tablets, pocket computers, personal data assistants,

cellular telephones and any other portable mobile devices.' " (C. 458; 505.)

The Blakelys argued that the October affidavit asked only for

"permission to take a 'forensic image' of the data stored on the mobile

devices," which "is a picture of all data stored on the phone but the image

itself is not a review of the contents of the data," which was to be obtained

"as a security measure to make sure the data is not altered or harmed

prior to reviewing it." (C. 458; 505). The Blakelys asserted that the

October affidavit did not seek permission for law-enforcement officers to

search the digital-storage devices, which included their cellular

telephones, and they further asserted that the search warrant that

issued did not grant such authority. The Blakelys maintained that law-

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CR-2025-0337

enforcement officers never obtained a second warrant to search the

digital images obtained from the digital-storage devices, yet searched

them anyway, and then produced the contents of the unlawful search to

the Blakelys in discovery. The Blakelys attached a copy of the October

affidavit and the resulting search warrant ("the October warrant") to

their motions to suppress.

The Blakelys also averred that, on November 8, 2021, a second

search warrant ("the November warrant") was issued at the request of

Investigator Justin Bowlin, an investigator with the Jefferson County

District Attorney's Office, which related "exclusively to the Blakelys'

Google Accounts and did not seek or authorize the search of the seized

cell phone." (C. 458.) A copy of the affidavit filed by Inv. Bowlin regarding

the Google accounts ("the November affidavit"), as well as the resulting

November warrant, were also attached to the Blakelys' motions to

suppress.

In the October affidavit, Inv. Bowlin indicated that, based on his

training and experience, he had "reason to believe that documents and

particular digital device(s) and related storage devices may contain

evidence identifying and linking, victim(s), suspects(s), and possible

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witness(es) to the crime of Aggravated Child Abuse." (C. 465.) The

affidavit then stated, in pertinent part:

"Evidence to be Searched and Seized

"This application seeks permission to search for and seize
evidence of the crimes described above, that are currently
located at [the address of the Blakelys' private residence].

"Items of Evidence to be Seized and Searched include:

"Digital Storage Devices to be Seized may include:

"a. All tower computers, laptop computers, tablet computers,
notebook computers, servers, gaming consoles or gaming
devices, and any related digital storage media .…"

(C. 466.) This section of the affidavit continued detailing a lengthy list of

a large variety of digital-storage devices, including, but not limited to, all

mobile devices, tablets, cellular telephones, digital cameras, navigation

devices, and power cords. This section of the affidavit further stated, in

pertinent part:

"g. All evidence of user attribution including accounts, e-mail
accounts, passwords, PIN codes, patterns, account names,
user names, screen names, remote data storage, or any other
evidence that may demonstrate attribution to a particular
user or users;

"h. All such seized evidence may be temporarily accessed for
the purpose of determining user attribution and to isolate it
from network access or connectivity to prevent user data from
being modified, deleted, or accessed.

5
CR-2025-0337

"i. Once such items of evidence are seized and rendered
isolated from network connectivity, an affiant will apply for a
separate search warrant to search the seized items for
physical evidence such as DNA and latent prints and any live
and deleted digital data.

"j. Documents related to the medical care and adoption, and
correspondence between agencies facilitating adoption or care
of any children."

(C. 467 (emphasis added).)

The October affidavit went on to set out a lengthy "Statement of

Probable Cause," wherein Inv. Bowlin detailed the alleged factual basis

of his belief, based on his training and experience, that sufficient

probable cause existed to support the issuance of the warrant.

Specifically, Inv. Bowlin declared that the victim, the Blakelys' 12-year-

old adopted daughter, was treated for a severe infection at Children's

Hospital and was sent home with a 10-day dose of "intense antibiotic

treatment via a PICC line" (C. 467); that Kala, a certified nurse

practitioner with a doctorate in nursing, failed to return A.B. to the

hospital for her follow-up appointment; and that, after making inquiries,

the nurses from the hospital discovered that A.B. had not received the

antibiotic treatment at home following her release from the hospital.

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CR-2025-0337

According to Inv. Bowlin, when Kala returned A.B. to the hospital,

the child had "several serious physical injuries," which Kala claimed were

from "throwing tantrums and running [into] walls." Additionally, A.B.

was severely malnourished. The October affidavit, however, indicated

that Dr. Peters, a doctor treating A.B., disputed Kala's explanation of the

injuries. (C. 467.)

Inv. Bowlin further disclosed that a forensic interview was

conducted with A.B., during which A.B. disclosed abuse. Nurses at the

hospital told detectives that Kala had made statements like "I regret

adopting her" and "she's made our life a living hell and I see why her

mother abandoned her" and that Kala had refused sedation of A.B.,

saying that "[A.B. was] going to have to deal with the pain." (C. 468.) Inv.

Bowlin also wrote that jail calls between Kala and Bartley disclosed that

Bartley advised Kala that he had started deleting her social-media pages

and that Bartley stated that he possessed a video of A.B. falling and

alluded to the injuries A.B. sustained during the fall. (C. 468.) At the end

of his probable-cause statement, Inv. Bowlin included the following

conclusion: "For these reasons, I believe probable cause exists to seize,

7
CR-2025-0337

examine, and search all documents and digital storage devices and

related accessories at the location described." (C. 469.)

But the October affidavit contained a separate section entitled

"Removal of Data Storage Devices," in which Inv. Bowlin described the

need for "a forensic image or forensic extraction" that is an "exact

physical copy of the user data found on the storage media" and why it is

"essential" that such an extraction be completed before law-enforcement

officers searched the data for information. (C. 469-70.) The affidavit

further explained that searching the digital-storage devices was a "highly

technical process that requires specific expertise and specialized

equipment," as well as "precise, validated procedures designed to

maintain the integrity of the evidence and to recover the latent data not

readily apparent to the casual user," and that, because of the volume of

data stored on many digital-storage devices, it is "highly impractical" to

search the data during the execution of the physical search of the

premises because such searches can take a great length of time. (C. 470.)

The next section of the October affidavit, entitled "Inventory and

Return," explained that a list of the items seized under the authority of

the search warrant would be left at the Blakelys' residence and provided

8
CR-2025-0337

to the court. At the end of this section, the following language was

included: "An application for a search warrant to forensically search

particular items for digital evidence will be forthcoming." (C. 470.)

Lastly, Inv. Bowlin's conclusion in the October affidavit read:

"Based on the foregoing information, I have probable cause to
believe that evidence of the crime(s) of Aggravated Child
Abuse (26-15-3.1)/Neglect as set forth herein are currently
related to the items listed above and within the digital storage
devices described above. I therefore respectfully request that
a search warrant be issued authorizing the search for, seizure
of and examination of the items set forth herein."

(C. 471.)

The Blakelys also attached a copy of the October warrant, issued in

response to Inv. Bowlin's October affidavit and application, to their

motions to suppress. The October warrant provided, in pertinent part:

"To Any Police Officer in the State of Alabama Greetings;

"You are hereby commanded to search the following in the
County of Jefferson State of Alabama for evidence of the
crimes of Aggravated Child Abuse.

"The location to be searched and the items to be seized are at
a private residence located at [the Blakelys' street address,]
City of Trussville, County of Jefferson[,] State of Alabama and
any vehicles/out buildings on the curtilage.

"Evidence to be Searched and Seized:

9
CR-2025-0337

"a. Documents related to the medical care or adoption of any
child along with any correspondence associated with the
adoption or potential adoption of any child.

"Digital Storage Media to be Searched and Seized:

"[In paragraphs numbered 1-6, the court listed all the digital-
storage and electronic devices, etc., that were subject to the
warrant] …

"7. All evidence of user attribution including accounts, e-mail
accounts, passwords, PIN codes, patterns, account names,
user names, screen names, remote data storage, or any other
evidence that may demonstrate attribution to a particular
user or users;

"8. All such evidence may be temporarily accessed for the
purpose of determining user attribution and to isolate it from
the network access or connectivity to prevent user data from
being modified, deleted, or accessed;

"9. Once such items of digital storage media are seized and
rendered isolated, an affiant will apply for a separate search
warrant describing specific items to be forensically processed
and searched for any live and deleted digital evidence."

(C. 472-73 (emphasis added).)

In the November affidavit, Inv. Bowlin disclosed that in October

2021 "a forensic data extraction was performed on the suspects' mobile

devices" and that the analysis revealed three Google email accounts that

were used for various communications. Those email accounts were the

subject of the November warrant. No other information or data obtained

10
CR-2025-0337

from the Blakelys' cellular telephones was disclosed by Inv. Bowlin in the

November affidavit.

As a result of the November affidavit, the November warrant was

issued identifying three Google accounts and authorizing the following

evidence to be searched and seized from Google:

"1. Account Information -- User name, primary e-mail
address, secondary e-mail addresses, connected applications
and sites, and account activity from 08/01/2015 to 11/05/2021,
including account sign in locations, browser information,
platform information, and internet protocol (IP) addresses;

"2. Evidence of user attribution -- accounts, e-mail
accounts, passwords, PIN codes, account names, user names,
screen names, remote data storage accounts, credit card
number, or other payment methods, contact lists, calendar
entries, text messages, voice mail messages, pictures, videos,
telephone numbers, mobile devices, physical addresses,
historical GPS locations, two-step verification information, or
any other data that may demonstrate attribution to a
particular user or users of the account(s);

" [In paragraphs numbered 3-12, the court authorized
similar searches of calendars, contacts, documents, gmail
accounts, photographs, location history data, Play Store data,
search histories, voice call records, and Google Home product
information pertaining to the three Google accounts.]"

(C. 597-98.)

The circuit court held a suppression hearing on April 17, 2025. At

that hearing, Inv. Bowlin testified that he used a template when he wrote

11
CR-2025-0337

the October affidavit and that the clause stating that a second warrant

would be requested to get the data off any digital-storage devices that

were seized was "a clause in the template" that he inadvertently failed to

remove from the affidavit. (R. 48.) He told the circuit court, that "when

[he] did the search warrant, [he was] operating under the belief that[,]

based off the last statement [in the conclusion of the affidavit]: 'I,

therefore, respectfully request that a search warrant be issued

authorizing the search for, seizure of, and examination of the items set

forth therein,' " that law-enforcement officers had the authority to search

the contents of the devices seized. (R. 49.) Inv. Bowlin testified that, when

submitting the affidavit, it was his intent that the October warrant was

to "search for the phones, get the phones, and then examine the phones

upon getting them." (R. 49.) He indicated that, after the law-enforcement

officers reviewed the data on the cellular telephones, officers realized

they would need additional warrants for the Google information and that

officers sought a second warrant for the Google information.

Inv. Bowlin explained that law-enforcement officers sought the

October warrant, in part, because officers had obtained phone-call

recordings from the jail wherein Bartley advised Kala that he had started

12
CR-2025-0337

deleting Kala's social-media pages and that the officers "wanted to get in

there and get the devices before any evidence could be deleted" and, in

part, based on information provided by hospital medical staff during

interviews. (R. 71.) He maintained that, notwithstanding his error in

leaving the language from the template in the October affidavit, he

believed that, based on his last statement in the conclusion of the October

affidavit, a second search warrant was unnecessary and that, "if [officers]

did an additional search warrant," the additional warrant would be for

things like the Google information, not the cellular telephones

themselves. (R. 72.)

On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Inv. Bowlin how he

failed to notice the places in his affidavit where it said that he would seek

an additional warrant to search the cellular telephones. Inv. Bowlin

responded:

"When typing a search warrant, there's particular parts of it
that are highlighted. So my thought process at the time was
what specifically do I need to add to the search warrant that
establishes my probable cause. The notion of what do I need
to delete from it was --- was not in the forefront of my mind."

(R. 56.) Inv. Bowlin admitted that the information relating to the

Blakelys' Google accounts was derived from the search and forensic

13
CR-2025-0337

analysis performed on the Blakelys' cellular telephones; however, he "felt

like [he] was acting in good faith" by searching the phones even if the

October warrant did not actually authorize him to do so. (R. 68.)

At the hearing's conclusion, the circuit court granted the Blakelys'

motions to suppress, finding that the information found during the

forensic analysis of the two cellular telephones was due to be suppressed.

In so ruling, the circuit judge noted that she "did not believe that

Investigator Bowlin acted in bad faith" or that he "intentionally or

deliberately tried to circumvent the Blakelys' Fourth Amendment

rights"; however, she stated, the October warrant was what gave him the

authority to search and that she "ha[d] to go by the four corners of the

search warrant." (R. 90.) The circuit court found that the October warrant

required Inv. Bowlin to obtain an additional warrant to search the seized

digital-storage devices' contents. (R. 90.) The circuit court then granted

the motions to suppress as it related to information obtained during the

execution of the November warrant because it was fruit of the poisonous

tree. 1

1The record on appeal does not identify or contain any description

of the evidence produced by Google as a result of the November warrant.
14
CR-2025-0337

On April 21, 2025, the circuit court issued a written order granting

the Blakelys' motions to suppress. The circuit court concluded:

"Here, the Court finds from the four corners of the first search
warrant that a second search warrant was needed to do a
forensic examination of the electronic devices seized from the
home to get any live or deleted data. The first search warrant
only allowed for a seizure of electronic devices and rendering
them safe until a subsequent search warrant was obtained for
the data on the phones. That subsequent search warrant was
not obtained. The Court finds that there was no intention on
the part of Inv. Bowlin to violate the rights of the [Blakelys];
however the error in not obtaining a subsequent search
warrant cannot be remedied by looking only to the favorable
portions of the affidavit.

"Therefore, this Court finds that the forensic examination of
the [Blakelys'] phones was an unlawful search. Moreover, the
evidence obtained from Google is also inadmissible as fruit of
the poisonous tree. The MOTION TO SUPPRESS
UNLAWFULLY OBTAINED DIGITAL FORENSIC
EVIDENCE is hereby GRANTED."

(C. 106-07; 159-60 (capitalization in original).)

On April 24, 2025, the State moved the circuit court to reconsider

its ruling. In support of its motion, the State submitted multiple

attachments, including an application for a search warrant and

subsequent search warrant authorizing the search of the Blakelys'

cellular telephones, both of which were dated April 17, 2025. The State

also filed its notice of pretrial appeal.

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Discussion

On appeal, the State contends that the circuit court erred in

granting the Blakelys' motions to suppress because, the State says, "it

improperly concluded that the forensic examinations of the cellphones

constituted an unlawful search and the subsequent Google search

warrant return was fruit of the poisonous tree." (State's brief at 23.)

Specifically, the State argues that the circuit court failed to apply the

proper legal analysis in these cases because it concluded that the search

of the cellular telephones was warrantless, relying on United States v.

Mitchell, 565 F.3d 1347 (11th Cir. 2009), and because the circuit court

relied on an improper "four corners" analysis. The State also contends

that a second warrant was not required because, it says, the October

affidavit established probable cause for the examination of the cellular

telephones and the contradictory language in the October warrant did

not merit suppression of the evidence.

The Blakelys maintain that, although "the initial seizure of the

devices was authorized, without obtaining a second warrant" to search

those devices, the law-enforcement officers "blatantly violated the scope

of the warrant" by conducting an unauthorized search of the contents of

16
CR-2025-0337

the cellular telephones in violation of the Fourth Amendment. (Blakelys'

brief at 20.)

"In reviewing a decision of a trial court on a motion to suppress

evidence, in a case in which the facts are not in dispute, we apply a de

novo standard of review." State v. Otwell, 733 So. 2d 950, 952 (Ala. Crim.

App. 1999); State v. Cheatwood, 267 So. 3d 882, 884-85 (Ala. Crim. App.

2018). Because the relevant facts here -- namely, the language of the

October affidavit and the October warrant and Inv. Bowlin's testimony -

• are undisputed, this Court reviews the circuit court's decision granting

the Blakelys' motions to suppress de novo.

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects

"[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,

and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures" and provides

further that "no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,

supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place

to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."

" 'A search is unreasonable and violates the
protections of the Fourth Amendment if it exceeds
the scope of the authorizing warrant. U.S. Const.
Amend. IV; see Long v. State, 532 S.W.2d 591, 596
(Tex. Crim. App. 1975). While the scope of the
search warrant is governed by its terms, the

17
CR-2025-0337

search may be as extensive as is reasonably
required to locate items described in the warrant.
U.S. Const. Amend. IV; Haynes v. State, 475
S.W.2d 739, 741-42 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971). If the
scope of the search is challenged because of the
location where the items were found, the officer
must show that he was properly in the place where
the item was found, either on basis of the search
warrant or under the authority of an exception to
the warrant requirement. Snider v. State, 681
S.W.2d 60, 62-62 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984); Swink v.
State, 747 S.W.2d 53, 54 (Tex. App.--Texarkana
1988, no writ).'

"DeMoss v. State, 12 S.W.3d 553, 558 (Tex. App. 1999). See
also United States v. Wuagneux, 683 F.2d 1343 (11th Cir.
1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 814, 104 S.Ct. 69, 78 L.Ed.2d 83
(1983) and United States v. Rettig, 589 F.2d 418, 423 (9th Cir.
1978) ('The question is whether or not the search that was
conducted was confined to the authorization given by the
magistrate. In determining whether or not a search is
confined to its lawful scope, it is proper to consider both the
purpose disclosed in the application for a warrant's issuance
and the manner of its execution.')."

Smith v. State, 908 So. 2d 273, 289 (Ala. Crim. App. 2000).

Initially, we note that the Blakelys do not challenge the validity of

the October warrant to seize the digital-storage devices, and they do not

argue that law-enforcement officers lacked sufficient probable cause to

support the issuance of the October warrant. In fact, the Blakelys concede

that the seizure of the devices was valid pursuant to the October warrant.

(Blakelys' brief at 20, 38.) Instead, the issues presented to this Court

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center on whether law-enforcement officers' subsequent search of the

contents of the cellular telephones and other electronic devices violated

the Blakelys' Fourth Amendment rights and whether the circuit court's

suppression of the evidence resulting from that search was proper.

To that end, the State contends that the search of the contents of

the Blakelys' cellular telephones was proper and that a second warrant

was not needed to examine those devices. The Blakelys, on the other

hand, maintain that law-enforcement officers knew, or reasonably should

have known, a second warrant was needed to search the contents of the

cellular telephones once they were seized. Contrary to the Blakelys'

contention, however, Alabama law does not generally dictate a

requirement to obtain a second warrant to search seized electronic

devices. Ultimately, because the circuit court made two critical errors in

granting the Blakelys' motions to suppress, we agree with the State.

First, the circuit court's reading of the "four corners" of the October

warrant was clearly erroneous. The circuit court characterized the

October warrant as allowing no search at all of the listed electronic

devices, including cellular telephones, only "seizure … and rendering

them safe until a subsequent search warrant was obtained for the data

19
CR-2025-0337

on the phones." (C. 107.) Unfortunately, that conclusion is simply not

accurate.

The October warrant authorized law-enforcement officers to search

the Blakelys' home for documents related to the medical care or adoption

of any child along with any correspondence associated with the adoption

or potential adoption of a child. The October warrant then identified

specific types of digital-storage devices that could be seized and searched

for evidence related to the crime of aggravated child abuse. Because there

was a search warrant for those items, the Blakelys' reliance on Riley v.

California, 573 U.S. 373 (2014), is misplaced. Moreover, this is not a case

in which it could be argued that the "warrant authorized only the search

for … electronic devices and did not authorize the search of those

devices." State v. Hunt, 316 So. 3d 271, 283 (Ala. Crim. App. 2020)

(emphasis in original).

After setting out the specific types of digital-storage devices that

were authorized to be seized and searched, additional authority was

granted to temporarily access those devices to determine "user

attribution" information for "accounts, e-mail accounts, passwords, PIN

codes, patterns, account names, user names, screen names, remote data

20
CR-2025-0337

storage, or any other evidence that may demonstrate attribution to a

particular user or users." (C. 541.) Thus, the October warrant envisioned

far more than the simple seizure and storage suggested by the circuit

court's order.

Further, we note that, although the October warrant clearly

contemplated that broad categories of digital-storage devices that were

to be "seized and searched," the language that appears in the final two

paragraphs of the warrant did not contemplate an additional warrant for

"all digital storage media seized" or "all electronic evidence seized."

Instead, it contemplated that an additional application would be

forthcoming for "specific items to be forensically processed and searched

for any live and deleted digital evidence." (C. 473.) Thus, the October

warrant both explicitly authorized the seizure and search of six broad

categories of digital-storage devices and, arguably, implicitly limited the

scope of any search by contemplating that law-enforcement officers would

seek an additional warrant for specific items.

Second, the circuit court erred by finding that a second warrant was

required before the State could search the seized devices for evidence. As

discussed above, the October warrant authorized at least some search of

21
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the seized devices. Had the language discussing a second warrant not

been -- inadvertently -- included in the October warrant, there would be

no question that the October warrant was sufficient to authorize the

searches that the State conducted in this case. This Court recently

addressed a similar situation in Hunt, where this Court explained:

"[T]he dispositive question in this case is whether a warrant
that authorizes the search for electronic devices believed to
contain child pornography also authorizes a search of those
devices. The holding of Riley[ v. California, 573 U.S. 373, 384
(2014),] does not, in our opinion, provide guidance on this
issue. However, cases from the federal circuit courts have
directly addressed this specific issue, and we find the analysis
in those cases to be persuasive.

"In United States v. Grimmett, 439 F.3d 1263 (10th Cir.
2006), the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth
Circuit addressed the same argument Hunt makes here. In
that case, a law-enforcement officer sought a warrant
authorizing him to search Stephen Grimmett's home for
Grimmett's computer, among other electronic devices, which
the officer had probable cause to believe contained child
pornography. Id. at 1266. The officer's affidavit submitted in
support of the search warrant also sought permission to
search the contents of any computers he seized during the
search. Id. The search warrant issued to the officer authorized
the officer to search Grimmett's home for computer hardware,
and after the officer seized a hard disk drive from a computer
in Grimmett's home, a subsequent forensic examination of the
hard drive unearthed 1,642 images and videos of child
pornography. Id. On appeal from Grimmett's multiple
convictions for child-pornography offenses, the Tenth Circuit
addressed Grimmett's argument that the evidence discovered
during the search of the hard drive was due to be suppressed:

22
CR-2025-0337

" 'Mr. Grimmett argues that the warrant
authorized only the seizure, but not the
subsequent search, of his computer and computer
storage devices (collectively, "the computer").
Although not couched in "particularity" terms, Mr.
Grimmett appears to argue that the warrant was
not sufficiently particular to authorize a search of
the computer.

" 'Mr. Grimmett relies on United States v.
Carey, 172 F.3d 1268, 1270 (10th Cir. 1999) for his
argument that a second warrant is required to
search a properly seized computer. In Carey, the
original warrant authorized a search of the
computer for evidence related to illegal drug sales.
But, when the officers found evidence of another
crime -- possession of child pornography -- another
warrant was needed to search for this evidence,
which was beyond the scope of the original
warrant. Id. at 1271, 1273-74 ("[I]t is plainly
evident each time [the officer] opened a
subsequent JPG file, he expected to find child
pornography and not material related to drugs ....
Under these circumstances, we cannot say the
contents of each of those files were inadvertently
discovered.").

" 'Carey does not support Mr. Grimmett's
argument, but simply stands for the proposition
that law enforcement may not expand the scope of
a search beyond its original justification. In this
case, unlike the search in Carey, where the
probable cause that permitted the search related
to drugs, the original justification for the search
and seizure of the computer was the probable
cause to believe the defendant possessed child
pornography. We hold that the evidence obtained

23
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in the search of the defendant's computer was
consistent with the probable cause originally
articulated by the state court judge; hence, the
search was permissible under Carey.

" 'Moreover, the affidavit underlying the
application for a search warrant clearly states that
Detective Askew sought the authority to search
both the premises and the computers:

" ' "This affidavit is made in support of
an application for a warrant to search
the entire premises located at 920 SE
33rd Street, Topeka, Shawnee County,
Kansas. Additionally, this application
is to search any computer media found
therein."

" 'The affidavit also made clear that the
search of the computer would be off-site in a
laboratory setting: "It is only with careful
laboratory examination of electronic storage
devices that it is possible to recreate the evidence
trail." In turn, the warrant expressly refers to the
"evidence under oath before me," which is, of
course, a direct and explicit reference to the
affidavit. Accordingly, we hold that the warrant
authorized both the seizure and search of the
computer.'

"Id. at 1268-69 (internal citations to appellant's brief omitted).

"The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth
Circuit also addressed the same argument in United States v.
Evers, 669 F.3d 645 (6th Cir. 2012). In Evers, law-
enforcement officers who believed Ovell Evers, Sr., was in
possession of child pornography obtained a search warrant
authorizing them to search Evers's home for computers and

24
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other electronic devices. Id. at 650. Upon executing the search,
officers found a black computer, which they seized, and a
subsequent search of the computer revealed sexually explicit
images of a 13-year-old female. On appeal from his multiple
convictions of child-pornography offenses, Evers argued that
the images seized from the black computer were due to be
suppressed because, he argued, 'although the search warrant
authorized the seizure of his computers, ... it did not authorize
a search of the black computer's hard drive, and the police
therefore unlawfully exceeded the scope of the warrant when
they searched the contents of the computer without obtaining
a second warrant.' Id. at 652. In rejecting that argument, the
Sixth Circuit, citing Grimmett, supra, held that 'a second
warrant to search a properly seized computer is not necessary
"where the evidence obtained in the search did not exceed the
probable cause articulated in the original warrant." ' Id.
(quoting United States v. Richards, 659 F.3d 527, 539 n.10
(6th Cir. 2011)). Thus, after noting that Evers did not argue
that there was not probable cause to believe there would be
evidence of child pornography on his computer, the Sixth
Circuit concluded:

" 'The warrant was, as the district court properly
concluded, "specifically designed not simply to
permit the officers to seize the computer ..., but to
view the computer and ... to have access to [it]." We
agree with the district court that the search for,
and extraction of, illegal images from the black
computer's hard drive fell within the lawful
parameters of the warrant.'

"Evers, 669 F.3d at 653.

"We hold, as the Tenth Circuit and Sixth Circuit held
under similar circumstances in Grimmett and Evers,
respectively, that in cases involving the seizure and search of
electronic devices containing data, such as cellular telephones
and computers, a second search warrant is not required to

25
CR-2025-0337

search the contents of such devices when the initial search
warrant is based on an affidavit that demonstrates probable
cause to believe that the evidence sought is contained within
those devices. This determination will of necessity depend on
the specific facts of each case, but ' "where the evidence
[sought to be] obtained in the search [does] not exceed the
probable cause articulated in the original warrant," ' Evers,
669 F.3d at 652 (quoting Richards, 659 F.3d at 539 n.10), then
the original search warrant is sufficient to permit a law-
enforcement officer not only to seize the electronic device, but
also to view the contents of the device and to extract data
consistent with that search warrant. Evers, supra.

"Accordingly, in this case, we hold that a second search
warrant was not required to search the contents of Hunt's
electronic devices because, as we have already concluded,
there was probable cause to believe Hunt's electronic devices
contained child pornography, which, of course, could be
discovered only by searching the contents of the devices. Thus,
the Colbert warrant clearly contemplated 'the search for, and
extraction of, illegal images' contained within Hunt's
electronic devices, and, as a result, the search for such images
'fell within the lawful parameters of the warrant.' Evers, 669
F.3d at 653. See also United States v. Upham, 168 F.3d 532,
535 (1st Cir. 1999) ('As a practical matter, the seizure and
subsequent off-premises search of the computer and all
available disks was about the narrowest definable search and
seizure reasonably likely to obtain the images.'). In addition,
we note that Det. Harless's affidavit clearly sought authority
to search the contents of Hunt's electronic devices.
Specifically, Det. Harless's affidavit states: 'I request that if
electronic storage devices such as computers are seized as a
result of this search warrant, that the court authorize the
seizure and removal of the devices to a laboratory
environment for the forensic examination of the same by
persons qualified to conduct said examination.' (Emphasis
added.) Although the Colbert warrant does not expressly
authorize the search of the contents of Hunt's electronic

26
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devices, the warrant does expressly refer to the '[a]ffidavit in
support of application for a search warrant' (C. 72), which, as
noted, sought such authority. As was the case in Grimmett,
such facts further strengthen the conclusion that the Colbert
warrant 'authorized both the seizure and search of the
computer.' Grimmett, 439 F.3d at 1269 (emphasis added).

"We emphasize that our holding that a second search
warrant was not required in this case does not mean that a
second search warrant is never required before law-
enforcement officers may search the contents of electronic
devices seized pursuant to a search warrant that does not
expressly authorize such a search. However, under the
specific facts of this case, neither the lack of language in the
Colbert warrant expressly authorizing a search of Hunt's
electronic devices nor the lack of a second warrant authorizing
such a search provides a basis for suppressing the evidence
resulting from the Colbert County search. Grimmett, supra;
Evers, supra. "

316 So. 3d at 283-86 (footnote omitted).

At first blush, the holding in Hunt appears to be controlling in the

present cases. The October affidavit demonstrated probable cause to

believe that evidence of aggravated child abuse was contained within the

digital-storage devices that it listed. Additionally, the October affidavit

further included a clear statement that Inv. Bowlin sought the authority

to search, seize, and examine those devices. The October warrant

accordingly authorized the seizure of the digital-storage devices taken

from the Blakelys' residence. See Hunt, 316 So. 3d at 285; see also United

27
CR-2025-0337

States v. Upham, 186 F.3d 532, 535 (1st Cir. 1999)(holding that, when

the warrant explicitly authorized the seizure of the computer plus

diskettes and unlawful images, because the unlawful images were inside

the computer or diskettes, "the extraction of unlawful images from within

the computer and diskettes was therefore contemplated by the warrant").

However, these cases involve a complicating factor that was not

present in Hunt in the form of language that could be read as narrowing

the broad search authority granted by the initial paragraphs of the

October warrant. While the October warrant authorized law-enforcement

officers to "search[] and seize[]" multiple types of digital-storage devices,2

it also, confusingly -- and apparently inadvertently -- contained language

that contemplated "temporary access" to the seized electronic devices to

search for information "for the purpose of determining user attribution

and to isolate [them] from network access … to prevent user data from

being modified, deleted, or accessed." (C. 541.) But even that language

authorized searches for "accounts, e-mail accounts, passwords, PIN

2The October warrant also permitted a search throughout the
Blakelys' residence for any "[d]ocuments related to the medical care or
adoption of any child along with any correspondence associated with the
adoption or potential adoption of any child." (C. 540.)
28
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codes, patterns, account names, user names, screen names, remote data

storage, or any other evidence that may demonstrate attribution to a

particular user or users," as well as for "any other items or information

that may be necessary for access, allow for proper identification,

operation and analysis of the items seized." (Id.)

To further complicate matters, as Inv. Bowlin explained, the section

of the October affidavit listing digital-storage devices inadvertently

concluded with a statement that once such devices "are seized and

rendered isolated, an affiant will apply for a separate search warrant

describing specific items to be forensically processed and searched" for

"live and deleted digital evidence." (C. 541.) Thus, unlike the affidavits in

Hunt and Grimmett, the October affidavit contemplated, albeit

inadvertently, that Inv. Bowlin would seek a second warrant for the

search of "specific" digital-storage devices. In response to that statement,

the magistrate included language in the October warrant that "an affiant

will apply for a separate search warrant." (C. 541.)

To sustain the circuit court's ruling, this Court would have to

conclude that this additional language -- which at most contemplated a

second search warrant for specific items -- acted to negate the October

29
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warrant's prior authorization to seize and search all listed digital-storage

devices. But the result of construing the warrant in this way would lead

to a conclusion that the warrant authorized the State to seize the digital-

storage devices "based on an affidavit that demonstrates probable cause

to believe that the evidence sought is contained within those devices."

Hunt, 316 So. 3d at 285. And, as we held in Hunt, in those circumstances

a second warrant would not be required.

Under the particular facts before us, we see no reason not to read

the October warrant as being the authorization to "seize[] and search[]"

the digital-storage devices that Inv. Bowlin believed it to be. " 'A search

is unreasonable and violates the protections of the Fourth Amendment if

it exceeds the scope of the authorizing warrant. U.S. Const. Amend. IV;

see Long v. State, 532 S.W.2d 591, 596 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975).' " Smith,

908 So. 2d at 289 (quoting DeMoss v. State, 12 S.W.3d 553, 558 (Tex. App.

1999)). As we have explained, the October warrant authorized the State

to seize and search the digital-storage devices. The fact that other

language in the warrant, some of which was inadvertently included,

permitted law-enforcement officers to search all the seized devices for

"user attribution" evidence, which "include[ed] accounts, e-mail accounts,

30
CR-2025-0337

passwords … or any other evidence that may demonstrate attribution to

a particular user or users", did not change the fact that the warrant --

which, again, was based on probable cause to believe that the devices

contained evidence of a crime -- specifically contemplated the seizure and

search of those devices. (C. 541 (emphasis added)); cf. Hunt, 316 So. 3d

at 285.

When discussing the standards by which a reviewing court should

approach the interpretation of affidavits supporting warrants that have

been duly issued by examining magistrates, the United States Supreme

Court has explained:

"[T]he Fourth Amendment's commands, like all constitutional
requirements, are practical and not abstract. If the teachings
of this Court's cases are to be followed and the constitutional
policy served, affidavits for search warrants, such as the one
involved here, must be tested and interpreted by magistrates
and courts in a commonsense and realistic fashion. They are
normally drafted by nonlawyers in the midst and haste of a
criminal investigation. Technical requirements of elaborate
specificity once exacted under common law pleadings have no
proper place in this area. A grudging or negative attitude by
reviewing courts toward warrants will tend to discourage
police officers from submitting their evidence to a judicial
officer before acting."

United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108 (1965).

31
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Applying that standard to the October affidavit, Inv. Bowlin plainly

sought authority to specifically "seize, examine, and search all documents

and digital storage devices and related accessories" at the Blakelys'

residence (C. 469) and to "search for," seize, and examine the items

identified in his affidavit. (C. 471.) He also sought permission to remove

digital-storage devices from the Blakelys' residence because, he averred,

"it is essential that a forensic image or forensic extraction be obtained

prior to conducting any search of data for information" pursuant to a

warrant and because such imaging required "specific expertise and

specialized equipment." (C. 469-70.) Moreover, Inv. Bowlin was aware

that the "volume of data stored on many digital devices is typically so

large that it will be highly impractical to search for data during the

execution of the physical search of the premises." (C. 470.) Accordingly, a

fair reading of the October affidavit shows that Inv. Bowlin sought a

search warrant authorizing the seizure of the digital-storage devices and

their removal from the Blakelys' residence to quickly obtain a forensic

image or forensic extraction before conducting any search of data for

information.

32
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At most, the subsequent language regarding searches for specific

information and contemplating a second search warrant for particular

items introduced some ambiguity into the October warrant. But

employing the "commonsense and realistic" approach to interpreting the

warrant's language, Ventresca, 380 US. At 108, we find that this

ambiguity was the product of the "haste" that often affects criminal

investigations. We do not condone sloppiness or inattention to detail by

agents of the State, and we strongly encourage investigating officers to

exercise due care in drafting search-warrant affidavits and warrants to

avoid the ambiguity and confusion that has affected these cases.

However, under the facts presented to us, law-enforcement officers were

permitted to search the contents of the Blakelys' cellular telephones to

determine whether those devices included accounts, email accounts,

passwords, PIN codes, patterns, account names, user names, screen

names, remote data storage, or any other evidence that could

demonstrate attribution to a particular user or users. Clearly, as

evidenced by the Blakelys' standing to bring this Fourth Amendment

challenge, law-enforcement officers found text message accounts on those

devices that included evidence attributing those accounts to the Blakelys.

33
CR-2025-0337

Consequently, law-enforcement officers were permitted to access

the Blakelys' cellular telephones for the purpose of determining, among

other things, whether they contained evidence of "accounts" and "user

attribution" under the terms of the October warrant. Accordingly, the

circuit court also erred by employing the exclusionary rule with respect

to the November warrant, which was issued based on Google user data

obtained through execution of the October warrant.

The November warrant was issued in response to an affidavit

identifying three Google user accounts associated with the Blakelys,

which were discovered as a result of the execution of the October warrant.

(C. 596.) Although the circuit court suppressed the evidence produced in

response to the November warrant under the fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree

doctrine, that ruling fails to recognize that the October warrant's

language explicitly permitted law-enforcement officers to conduct -- at

the very least -- limited searches of the seized digital-storage devices to

determine user accounts, passwords, email addresses, and the like. In

short, there was nothing poisonous about the tree that produced the fruit

used to obtain the November warrant, and the circuit court clearly erred

when it suppressed the responsive evidence produced by Google.

34
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Additionally, a Fourth Amendment violation does not

automatically render evidence inadmissible. See Herring v. United

States, 555 U.S. 135, 140 (2009) ("The fact that a Fourth Amendment

violation occurred ... does not necessarily mean that the exclusionary rule

applies."); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 223 (1983) ("The question

whether the exclusionary rule's remedy is appropriate in a particular

context has long been regarded as an issue separate from the question

whether the Fourth Amendment rights of the party seeking to invoke the

rule were violated by police conduct.").

In these cases, we conclude that the circuit court erred in its rigid

application of the exclusionary rule under the facts of these cases.

Specifically, because law-enforcement officers sought and obtained a

warrant that envisioned and permitted searches of the seized digital-

storage devices, and because the circuit court found "that there was no

intention on the part of Inv. Bowlin to violate the rights of the

Defendants," suppression of the text-message evidence was

unwarranted. (C. 107.) This Court has explained:

" 'The exclusionary rule was adopted to effectuate
the Fourth Amendment right of all citizens "to be
secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects, against unreasonable searches and

35
CR-2025-0337

seizures. ..." Under this rule, evidence obtained in
violation of the Fourth Amendment cannot be used
in a criminal proceeding against the victim of the
illegal search and seizure. Weeks v. United States,
232 U.S. 383 34 S.Ct. 341, 58 L.Ed. 652 ;
Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6
L.Ed.2d 1081 . This prohibition applies as
well to the fruits of the illegally seized evidence.
Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 83 S.Ct.
407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 ; Silverthorne Lumber
Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385 40 S.Ct. 182,
64 L.Ed. 319 .

" 'The purpose of the exclusionary rule is not to
redress the injury to the privacy of the search
victim:

" ' "(T)he ruptured privacy of the
victims' homes and effects cannot be
restored. Reparation comes too late."
Linkletter v. Walker, 381 U.S. 618, 637
85 S.Ct. 1731, 14 L.Ed.2d 601 .

" 'Instead, the rule's prime purpose is to deter
future unlawful police conduct and thereby
effectuate the guarantee of the Fourth
Amendment against unreasonable searches and
seizures:

" ' "The rule is calculated to prevent, not
to repair. Its purpose is to deter -- to
compel respect for the constitutional
guaranty in the only effectively
available way -- by removing the
incentive to disregard it." Elkins v.
United States, 364 U.S. 206, 217 80
S.Ct. 1437, 4 L.Ed.2d 1669 .'

36
CR-2025-0337

" 'Accord, Mapp v. Ohio, supra, 367 U.S. at 656 [81
S.Ct. 1684 ]; Tehan v. United States ex rel. Shott,
382 U.S. 406, 416 86 S.Ct. 459, 15 L.Ed.2d 453 ; Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 29, 88 S.Ct. 1868,
20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). In sum, the rule is a
judicially created remedy designed to safeguard
Fourth Amendment rights generally through its
deterrent effect, rather than a personal
constitutional right of the party aggrieved.'

"United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 347-48, 94 S.Ct.
613, 38 L.Ed.2d 561 (1974) (footnote omitted).

" 'Suppression of evidence, however, has
always been our last resort, not our first impulse.
The exclusionary rule generates "substantial
social costs," United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897,
907, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984), which
sometimes include setting the guilty free and the
dangerous at large. We have therefore been
"cautio[us] against expanding" it, Colorado v.
Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 166, 107 S.Ct. 515, 93
L.Ed.2d 473 (1986), and "have repeatedly
emphasized that the rule's 'costly toll' upon truth-
seeking and law enforcement objectives presents a
high obstacle for those urging [its] application,"
Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation and Parole v. Scott,
524 U.S. 357, 364-365, 118 S.Ct. 2014, 141 L.Ed.2d
344 (1998). We have rejected "[i]ndiscriminate
application" of the rule, Leon, supra, at 908, 104
S.Ct. 3405, and have held it to be applicable only
"where its remedial objectives are thought most
efficaciously served," United States v. Calandra,
414 U.S. 338, 348, 94 S.Ct. 613, 38 L.Ed.2d 561
(1974) -- that is, "where its deterrence benefits
outweigh its 'substantial social costs,' " Scott,
supra, at 363, 118 S.Ct. 2014 (quoting Leon, supra,
at 907, 104 S.Ct. 3405).'

37
CR-2025-0337

"Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S. 586, 591, 126 S.Ct. 2159, 165
L.Ed.2d 56 (2006).

"Indeed, the United States Supreme Court has
recognized several exceptions to the Fourth Amendment
exclusionary rule, including the attenuation-of-taint
exception, see Utah v. Strieff, 579 U.S. 232, 237-43, 136 S.Ct.
2056, 195 L.Ed.2d 400 (2016), the independent-source
exception, see Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 536-41,
108 S.Ct. 2529, 101 L.Ed.2d 472 (1988), the inevitable-
discovery exception, see Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 441-
48, 104 S.Ct. 2501, 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984), and the good-faith
exception, see United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 905-25,
104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984)."

Picogna v. State, 360 So. 3d 1105, 1107-08 (Ala. Crim. App. 2022).

Additionally, in Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229 (2011), the

United States Supreme Court explained the following regarding the

exclusionary rule:

"Real deterrent value is a 'necessary condition for
exclusion,' but it is not 'a sufficient' one. Hudson v. Michigan,
547 U.S. 586, 596 (2006). The analysis must also account for
the 'substantial social costs' generated by the rule. [United
States v.] Leon, [468 U.S. 897,] 907 [(1984)]. Exclusion exacts
a heavy toll on both the judicial system and society at large.
Stone[ v. Powell], 428 U.S. [465], at 490-491 [(1976)]. It almost
always requires courts to ignore reliable, trustworthy
evidence bearing on guilt or innocence. Ibid. And its bottom-
line effect, in many cases, is to suppress the truth and set the
criminal loose in the community without punishment. See
Herring[v. United States, 555 U.S. 135,] 141 [(2009)]. Our
cases hold that society must swallow this bitter pill when
necessary, but only as a 'last resort.' Hudson, supra, at 591.

38
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For exclusion to be appropriate, the deterrence benefits of
suppression must outweigh its heavy costs. See Herring,
supra, at 141; Leon, supra, at 910.

"Admittedly, there was a time when our exclusionary-
rule cases were not nearly so discriminating in their approach
to the doctrine. 'Expansive dicta' in several decisions, see
Hudson, supra, at 591, suggested that the rule was a self-
executing mandate implicit in the Fourth Amendment itself.
See Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438, 462 (1928)
(remarking on the 'striking outcome of [Weeks v. United
States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914)]' that 'the Fourth Amendment,
although not referring to or limiting the use of evidence in
courts, really forbade its introduction'); Mapp [v. Ohio, 367
U.S. 643,] at 655, (1961). As late as our 1971
decision in Whiteley v. Warden, Wyo. State Penitentiary, 401
U.S. 560, 568-569 [(1971)], the Court 'treated identification of
a Fourth Amendment violation as synonymous with
application of the exclusionary rule.' Arizona v. Evans, 514
U.S. 1, 13 (1995). In time, however, we came to acknowledge
the exclusionary rule for what it undoubtedly is--a 'judicially
created remedy' of this Court's own making. [United States v.]
Calandra, [414 U.S. 338,] 348 [(1974)]. We abandoned the old,
'reflexive' application of the doctrine, and imposed a more
rigorous weighing of its costs and deterrence benefits.
[Arizona v.] Evans, [514 U.S. 1,] 13 [(1995)]; see, e.g.,
Calandra, supra; [United States v. Janis, [428 U.S. 433, 454,
n.29 (1976)]; Stone, supra; INS v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S.
1032 (1984); United States v. Havens, 446 U.S. 620 (1980). In
a line of cases beginning with Leon, 468 U.S. 897, we also
recalibrated our cost-benefit analysis in exclusion cases to
focus the inquiry on the 'flagrancy of the police misconduct' at
issue. Id., at 909, 911.

"The basic insight of the Leon line of cases is that the
deterrence benefits of exclusion 'var[y] with the culpability of

39
CR-2025-0337

the law enforcement conduct' at issue. Herring, 555 U.S., at
143. When the police exhibit 'deliberate,' 'reckless,' or 'grossly
negligent' disregard for Fourth Amendment rights, the
deterrent value of exclusion is strong and tends to outweigh
the resulting costs. Id., at 144. But when the police act with
an objectively 'reasonable good-faith belief' that their conduct
is lawful, Leon, supra, at 909 (internal quotation marks
omitted), or when their conduct involves only simple, 'isolated'
negligence, Herring, supra, at 137, the ' "deterrence rationale
loses much of its force," ' and exclusion cannot 'pay its way,'
Leon, supra, at 919, 908, n. 6 (quoting United States v. Peltier,
422 U.S. 531, 539 (1975)).

"The Court has over time applied this 'good-faith'
exception across a range of cases. Leon itself, for example,
held that the exclusionary rule does not apply when the police
conduct a search in 'objectively reasonable reliance' on a
warrant later held invalid. 468 U.S., at 922. The error in such
a case rests with the issuing magistrate, not the police officer,
and 'punish[ing] the errors of judges' is not the office of the
exclusionary rule. Id., at 916; see also Massachusetts v.
Sheppard, 468 U.S. 981, 990 (1984) (companion case declining
to apply exclusionary rule where warrant held invalid as a
result of judge's clerical error).

"Other good-faith cases have sounded a similar theme.
Illinois v. Krull, 480 U.S. 340 (1987), extended the good-faith
exception to searches conducted in reasonable reliance on
subsequently invalidated statutes. Id., at 349-350
('legislators, like judicial officers, are not the focus of the
rule'). In Arizona v. Evans, supra, the Court applied the good-
faith exception in a case where the police reasonably relied on
erroneous information concerning an arrest warrant in a
database maintained by judicial employees. Id., at 14. Most
recently, in Herring, supra, we extended Evans in a case
where police employees erred in maintaining records in a
warrant database. '[I]solated,' 'nonrecurring' police

40
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negligence, we determined, lacks the culpability required to
justify the harsh sanction of exclusion. 555 U.S., at 137."

564 U.S. at 237-39.

In determining whether the exclusionary rule should have been

applied in these cases, we consider the flagrancy of the law-enforcement

officers' conduct at issue here. In these present cases, Inv. Bowlin

testified at the suppression hearing that he believed that he had the

authority to search the contents of the digital-storage devices once he

obtained the October warrant, especially considering his statement of

probable cause in the October affidavit and his clear statement of his

intent to seize, search, and examine the evidence. When making its

ruling on admissibility, the circuit court stated that it did not "believe

that Investigator Bowlin acted in bad faith" or "that Investigator Bowlin

intentionally or deliberately tried to circumvent the Blakelys' Fourth

Amendment rights." (R. 90.) It bears repeating, too, that the October

warrant unquestionably did envision and authorize at least limited

searches of the contents of the seized digital-storage devices to determine

the existence of evidence of any user accounts, as well as to obtain user-

attribution evidence.

41
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Thus, it is clear from the record that the law-enforcement officers'

conduct here was not an intentional disregard for the rights of the

Blakelys, or of the October warrant itself. Instead, these cases involve, at

most, a negligent and isolated act by law-enforcement officers in

misreading portions of the October warrant and in failing to clarify the

somewhat conflicting and ambiguous language used by the issuing

magistrate. We recognize the importance of ensuring that law-

enforcement officers act within the confines of their authority so as to not

violate the rights of citizens when executing their investigative duties.

And, there is no doubt that the best practice here would have involved

removing the imprecise or unintended language from the October

affidavit and warrant application or to have obtained a second warrant

or a clarification from the issuing magistrate.

Under the facts of these particular cases, however, in which law-

enforcement officers possessed the authority to search the contents of the

digital-storage for user accounts and user-attribution evidence, the lack

of malicious intent by the law-enforcement officers lends itself to a

determination that the harsh sanction of exclusion was not justified. The

social costs here are not insignificant -- it harms the public's interest in

42
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criminal adjudications when evidence is suppressed not because its

seizure violated settled legal principles under the Fourth Amendment,

but because it may have violated an additional legal requirement

imposed by the issuing magistrate but unrelated to the existence of

probable cause.

Finally, we think it is clear that law-enforcement officers would

have inevitably discovered the evidence at issue here. In Nix v. Williams,

467 U.S. 431 (1984), the United States Supreme Court recognized that

evidence illegally discovered by law-enforcement officers may still be

admissible if "the information ultimately or inevitably would have been

discovered by lawful means." 467 U.S. at 444.

"Under the inevitable-discovery exception, the
prosecutor has the burden of demonstrating (1) that there is
a reasonable probability that the evidence in question would
have been discovered by lawful means but for the police
misconduct; (2) that the leads making the discovery inevitable
were possessed by the police at the time of the misconduct;
and (3) that the police, before the misconduct, were actively
pursuing the alternative line of investigation. United States
v. Cherry, 759 F.2d 1196 (5th Cir. 1985); United States v.
Brookins, 614 F.2d 1037, 1043 (5th Cir. 1980)."

Kabat v. State, 867 So. 2d 1153, 1156 (Ala. Crim. App. 2003).

The evaluation of whether law-enforcement officers would have

inevitably discovered the evidence at issue in these cases is complicated

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CR-2025-0337

by the unique circumstances presented here. These were not cases where

law-enforcement officers exceeded their authority by seizing items

without a warrant, by seizing items not specified in a warrant, or by going

outside a specific location identified in a warrant, which are situations

most often contemplated when discussing the exclusionary rule. Rather,

in these cases, the digital-storage devices were lawfully seized and

secured pursuant to established probable cause to believe that the

devices contained evidence of aggravated child abuse. At a minimum, the

October warrant permitted law-enforcement officers to temporarily

access the devices to search for user-attribution evidence and to prevent

remote deletion of the data they contained. Thus, while the search may

have violated the additional conditions imposed within the warrant, it

did not necessarily violate of the Fourth Amendment.

Further, the October affidavit contained sufficient probable cause

to permit the search of the Blakelys' cellular telephones. In other words,

law-enforcement officers took all the necessary steps to obtain the

authority to seize the digital-storage devices and to search their contents

by submitting the application and affidavit to a magistrate, failing only

to take the additional, technical step of requesting a second, unnecessary

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CR-2025-0337

warrant to search the same digital-storage devices based on the same

probable cause. Had Inv. Bowlin properly understood the extralegal

requirement imposed by the magistrate in the October warrant, the

circumstances of these cases indicate that the contents of the digital-

storage devices would have inevitably been discovered during the law-

enforcement officers' investigation of the charged offenses.

Based on the foregoing, we find that the circuit court erred when it

granted the Blakelys' motions to suppress the evidence recovered from

the search of the Blakelys' cellular telephones and other digital-storage

devices, as well as when it suppressed of the results of the search

conducted pursuant to the November warrant. Accordingly, the circuit

court's order is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Minor, J., concurs. Windom, P.J., and Kellum and Cole, JJ., concur

in the result.

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