WS v Frontex Grand Chamber Ruling on Agency Non-Contractual Liability

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Case C-679/23 P: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 18 December 2025 – WS and Others v Frontex (Joint return operation) (Appeal – Common policy on asylum and immigration – Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 – European integrated border management of the external borders of the European Union – European Border and Coast Guard – European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) – Frontex’s obligations to protect fundamental rights – Joint return operation coordinated by Frontex – Frontex’s non-contractual liability – Causal link between the breach of such obligations and the damage suffered)

OJ C, C/2026/2188, 27.4.2026, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2026/2188/oj (BG, ES, CS, DA, DE, ET, EL, EN, FR, GA, HR, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SL, FI, SV)

ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2026/2188/oj

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| | Official Journal
of the European Union | EN

C series |

| | C/2026/2188 | 27.4.2026 |
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 18 December 2025 – WS and Others v Frontex (Joint return operation)

(Case C-679/23 P) (1)

(Appeal - Common policy on asylum and immigration - Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 - European integrated border management of the external borders of the European Union - European Border and Coast Guard - European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) - Frontex’s obligations to protect fundamental rights - Joint return operation coordinated by Frontex - Frontex’s non-contractual liability - Causal link between the breach of such obligations and the damage suffered)

(C/2026/2188)

Language of the case: English

Parties

Appellants: WS, WT, WY, WZ, YA, YB (represented by: L.-M. Komp, A.M. van Eik, advocaten, and E. Sharpston, Barrister-at-Law)

Other party to the proceedings: European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) (represented: initially by H. Caniard, R.-A. Popa and C. Rueger, acting as Agents, and subsequently by H. Caniard, C. Carroll and R.-A. Popa, acting as Agents, and by B. Wägenbaur, avocat)

Operative part of the judgment

The Court:

| 1. | Declares that the judgment of the General Court of the European Union of 6 September 2023, WS and Others v Frontex (T-600/21, EU:T:2023:492), is set aside except in so far as, first, it dismisses as inadmissible Annexes C.1 and C.3 to C.6 to the reply and Annex E.1 lodged by WS, WT, WY, WZ, YA and YB, and, secondly, it finds that there is no causal link between the conduct alleged against the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) and the damage alleged by WS, WT, WY, WZ, YA and YB in relation to the costs incurred in travelling to Greece. |

| 2. | Refers the case back to the General Court of the European Union. |

| 3. | Reserves the costs. |
(1) OJ C, C/2024/633.

ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/C/2026/2188/oj

ISSN 1977-091X (electronic edition)

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