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March 24, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

Com. v. Rupert, J.

Superior Court of Pennsylvania

• Citations: None known
• Docket Number: 415 WDA 2025
• Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

• Judges: Panella

• Opinion

• Authorities (12)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (70.7K)

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Lead Opinion

                        by [Jack A. Panella](https://www.courtlistener.com/person/8243/jack-a-panella/)

J-S01027-26

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JACOB TYLER RUPERT :
:
Appellant : No. 415 WDA 2025

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered April 4, 2025
In the Court of Common Pleas of Armstrong County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-03-CR-0000564-2022

BEFORE: BOWES, J., PANELLA, P.J.E., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.E.: FILED: March 24, 2026

Jacob Tyler Rupert appeals from the order entered in the Court of

Common Pleas of Armstrong County denying his Post-Conviction Relief Act

(“PCRA”)1 petition. On appeal, Rupert raises various claims of ineffective

assistance of trial counsel. After careful consideration, we affirm.

On April 11, 2022, eleven-month-old K.C. (“Victim”) sustained head,

neck, and chest injuries while left in Rupert’s exclusive care. Although Rupert

was not Victim’s parent, he and Victim’s mother were in a relationship at the

time, and he cared for Victim on occasion. Rupert was subsequently charged

---

• Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546.
J-S01027-26

with aggravated assault, endangering welfare of children, simple assault, and

harassment.2

A two-day jury trial commenced on July 11, 2023, at which Rupert was

represented by James P. Spriestersbach, Esq. (“trial counsel”) of the

Westmoreland County Public Defender’s Office. The Commonwealth presented

the testimony of eleven witnesses, including that of Adelaide Eichman, M.D.,

a pediatrician at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (“UPMC”)

Children’s Hospital and Child Advocacy Center, who was certified as an expert

in the field of pediatric medicine and child abuse. Dr. Eichman testified that

she was working as a consult physician on the date in question and examined

Victim when she presented to the emergency room with injuries that raised

suspicions of child abuse. Dr. Eichman further testified that after conducting

a physical examination and reviewing Victim’s x-rays, radiology and

ophthalmology reports, and CT scan, she determined that Victim had

sustained, inter alia, a skull fracture, neck fractures, facial abrasions, and

retinal hemorrhaging, which led her to conclude that Victim’s injuries were the

result of abuse and had been sustained “shortly before 911 was called[.]” N.T.

Trial, 7/12/23, at 317. At the conclusion of trial, Rupert was convicted of

aggravated assault, endangering welfare of children, and simple assault. On

November 7, 2023, Rupert was sentenced to 96 to 192 months’ incarceration.

---

2 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2702(a)(9), 4304(a)(1), 2701(a)(1), and 2709(a)(1),
respectively.

-2-
J-S01027-26

A review of the docket entries from the Court of Common Pleas of Armstrong

County, Criminal Division, at CP-03-CR-0000564-2022, indicates that no

direct appeal was filed.

Rupert retained Joseph E, Hudak, Esq. (“PCRA counsel”) to represent

him in post-trial proceedings. On November 7, 2024, PCRA counsel filed a

PCRA petition on Rupert’s behalf, in which he requested a new trial and raised

claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel and after-discovered evidence.

On March 3, 2025, PCRA counsel filed an amended PCRA petition on Rupert’s

behalf in which he raised specific claims of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness. See

Amended PCRA Petition, 3/3/25, at ¶ 11. The PCRA court held an evidentiary

hearing on March 4, 2025, at which both Rupert and trial counsel testified.

Following the hearing and upon consideration of the supplemental briefings

filed by parties, the court denied Rupert’s petition on April 4, 2025. Rupert

timely filed a notice of appeal and a court-ordered concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). 3 On May 5, 2025,

the PCRA court issued its opinion, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), in which it

referred this Court to its April 3, 2025 memorandum that accompanied its

order denying Rupert’s petition.

---

3 We note that Rupert’s concise statement fails to conform with the
requirements set forth in Rule 1925(b)(4)(iv) and is instead styled as a brief.
Although Rupert’s issues were not raised in accordance with this provision and
thus are subject to waiver, see Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii), we decline to find
Rupert’s issues waived on this basis because our ability to identify the issues
he intended to raise on appeal is not hampered.

-3-
J-S01027-26

On appeal, Rupert presents the following questions for our review:

1. Was prejudice under [Strickland v. Washington, <a href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/111170/strickland-v-washington/">466 U.S.
   

   668 (1984)] and [Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973 (Pa.
   1987) self-evident as in Commonwealth v. Perry, [644 A.2d
   705 (Pa. 1994)] where in preparation for a felony trial, trial
   counsel met with [Rupert] for only 45 minutes the Friday before
   jury selection, failed to consider [Rupert’s] theory of the case,
   failed to obtain a defense expert, failed to properly advise [Rupert]
   as to taking the witness stand in his own defense, and failed to
   consider presentation of [Rupert’s] seven character witnesses?

2. Under the facts of this case, was there constitutionally
   defective assistance of counsel in violation of [Rupert’s] rights
   under U.S. Const, amend. VI, and Pa. Const, art. I, § 9, under
   Pierce, supra, and Commonwealth v. Kimball[, 724 A.2d 326
   (Pa. 1999)]?

Appellant’s Brief, at 3 (footnotes and PCRA court answers omitted).

Our scope and standard of review pertaining to the denial of a PCRA

petition is well-settled:

We consider the record in the light most favorable to the prevailing
party at the PCRA level. This review is limited to the evidence of
record and the factual findings of the PCRA court. We afford great
deference to the factual findings of the PCRA court and will not
disturb those findings unless they have no support in the record.
Accordingly, as long as the PCRA court’s ruling is free of legal error
and is supported by record evidence, we will not disturb its ruling.
Nonetheless, where the issue pertains to a question of law, our
standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.

Commonwealth v. Pointer, 348 A.3d 1216, 1227 (Pa. Super. 2025) (citation

omitted).

Rupert contends that he is entitled to PCRA relief based upon the

ineffective assistance of trial counsel. “Generally, counsel’s performance is

presumed to be constitutionally adequate, and counsel will only be deemed

-4-
J-S01027-26

ineffective upon a sufficient showing by the petitioner.” Commonwealth v.

Robinson, 278 A.3d 336, 340 (Pa. Super. 2022) (citation omitted).

To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a
defendant must show, by a preponderance of the evidence,
ineffective assistance of counsel which, in the circumstances of
the particular case, so undermined the truth-determining process
that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken
place. The burden is on the defendant to prove all three of the
following prongs: (1) the underlying claim is of arguable merit;
(2) that counsel had no reasonable strategic basis for his or her
action or inaction; and (3) but for the errors and omissions of
counsel, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
proceedings would have been different. [See Strickland, 466
U.S. at 687; Pierce, 527 A.2d at 975-76.]

Pointer, 348 A.3d at 1227 (citation omitted). “A petitioner’s failure to satisfy

any prong of the ineffectiveness test is fatal to the claim.” Commonwealth

v. Montalvo, 205 A.3d 274, 286 (Pa. 2019) (citation omitted). Moreover,

“[w]e need not analyze the prongs of an ineffectiveness claim in any particular

order. Rather, we may discuss first any prong that an appellant cannot satisfy

under the prevailing law and the applicable facts and circumstances of the

case.” Commonwealth v. Evans, 303 A.3d 175, 182 (Pa. Super. 2023)

(citation omitted).

The first consideration is whether the underlying claim of ineffectiveness

is of arguable merit. “A claim has arguable merit where the factual averments,

if accurate, could establish cause for relief.” Id. (citation omitted).

With regard to reasonable basis, the PCRA court does not question
whether there were other more logical courses of action which
counsel could have pursued; rather, the court must examine
whether counsel’s decisions had any reasonable basis. Where
matters of strategy and tactics are concerned, a finding that a

-5-
J-S01027-26

chosen strategy lacked a reasonable basis is not warranted unless
it can be concluded that an alternative not chosen offered a
potential for success substantially greater than the course actually
pursued.

Commonwealth v. Hopkins, 231 A.3d 855, 874 (Pa. Super. 2020)

(quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted). “A finding of prejudice

requires the petitioner to show that there is a reasonable probability that, but

for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have

been different.” Robinson, 278 A.3d at 340-41 (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted).

Rupert contends that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by

failing to prepare for trial, as counsel’s preparation with Rupert was limited to

a period of “45 minutes the Friday before jury selection.” Appellant’s Brief, at

1. Rupert further avers that trial counsel failed to: (1) “consider [Rupert’s]

theory of the case[;]” (2) “obtain a defense expert[;]” (3) “properly advise

[Rupert] as to taking the witness stand in his own defense[;]” and (4)

“consider presentation of [Rupert’s] seven character witnesses[.]” Id. Rupert

claims that the PCRA court erred by misconstruing “each of these

constitutional deficiencies” as “alternative trial strategy[,]” and relies on

Perry, 644 A.2d at 709, for the proposition that counsel’s “[f]ailure to prepare

is not an example of forgoing one possible avenue to pursue another

approach; it is simply an abdication of the minimum performance required of

defense counsel.” Appellant’s Brief, at 23-24.

-6-
J-S01027-26

In his first issue, Rupert seems to suggest that to prevail on his

ineffectiveness claims, he is not required to prove prejudice because the

prejudice against him is “self-evident.” Id. at 21. We disagree.

The United States Supreme Court has recognized the applicability of the

doctrine of prejudice per se where an ineffectiveness claim presents

“circumstances that are so likely to prejudice the accused that the cost of

litigating their effect in a particular case is unjustified.” U.S. v. Cronic, 466

U.S. 648, 658 (1984) (footnote omitted). Thus, “in the very rare case,

prejudice is presumed without inquiry into counsel’s actual performance[.]”

Commonwealth v. Pacheco, 340 A.3d 1038, 1042 (Pa. Super. 2025)

(internal quotation marks, citation, and footnote omitted).

The [Cronic] Court identified three situations when a presumption
of prejudice would be appropriate: (1) when there is a complete
denial of counsel; (2) when counsel entirely fails to subject the
prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing; or (3) when
the surrounding circumstances made it so unlikely that any lawyer
could provide effective assistance.

Commonwealth v. Drayton, 313 A.3d 954, 960-61 (Pa. 2024) (citing

Cronic, U.S. at 659, 661) (quotation marks and brackets omitted). The

Pennsylvania Supreme Court “has been reticent to expand the presumption of

prejudice beyond those circumstances identified in Cronic[,]” and has stated

that it “should only apply in very limited circumstances, i.e., when there has

been an actual or constructive denial of counsel.” Id. at 966, 967 (citations

omitted).

-7-
J-S01027-26

The defining feature of Cronic ineffectiveness cases is that the
acts or omissions of counsel were the type that are virtually
certain to undermine confidence that the defendant received a fair
trial or that the outcome of the proceedings is reliable, primarily
because they remove any pretension that the accused had
counsel’s reasonable assistance during the critical time frame.

Pacheco, 340 A.3d at 1042 (citations omitted).

Rupert has not demonstrated that the circumstances presented in this

case warrant application of the presumption of prejudice. In his brief, Rupert

has not even attempted to explain how trial counsel’s representation

constituted a complete denial of counsel. See Appellant’s Brief, at 22-23;

Drayton, 313 A.3d at 966. Rather, without any citation to legal authority,

Rupert summarily concludes that counsel abdicated his duty to prepare for

trial, rendering prejudice self-evident. See Appellant’s Brief, at 23-24;

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (requiring the argument advanced in an appellate brief to

contain discussion of and citation to pertinent legal authorities);

Commonwealth v. Martz, 232 A.3d 801, 809 (Pa. Super. 2020) (“This Court

will not become the counsel for an appellant and develop arguments on an

appellant’s behalf[.] Waiver of an issue results when an appellant fails develop

an issue properly or cite to legal authority to support his contention in his

appellate brief.”) (citations omitted). Therefore, because Rupert has failed to

develop his argument to demonstrate that the Cronic framework is applicable,

we will review Rupert’s ineffectiveness claims under the traditional three-

pronged ineffectiveness analysis.

-8-
J-S01027-26

In his second issue, Rupert argues that there was no reasonable

strategic basis for the failure of trial counsel to prepare for trial and present

an alternative factual theory of the case to the jury concerning the cause of

Victim’s injuries. Instead, trial counsel proceeded on a theory that the

Commonwealth could not satisfy its burden of proof with respect to the cause

of Victim’s injuries. The foundation of Rupert’s argument is that based upon

the evidence that the Commonwealth was able to present at trial, it was foolish

and unwise to rely on a contention that the Commonwealth was not able to

prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, the cause of the Victim’s injuries.

Specifically, Rupert asserts that “trial counsel failed to understand that with

[Dr. Eichman’s] finding of abuse and [Rupert] being the only person present

when [Victim] went limp, it was not plausible to proceed on a theory that

[Victim’s] injuries simply happened[,]” which was “tantamount to presenting

no defense at all.” Appellant’s Brief, at 26 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Rupert further contends that in light of this, “it was irrational to disregard

[Rupert’s] theory that [Victim’s mother] had journeyed to Virginia to bring

[Rupert] back to Pennsylvania to make him a scapegoat.” Id. Rupert

concludes that based on the foregoing, he has demonstrated all three prongs

of the ineffectiveness test with respect to this claim. See id. We disagree.

Rupert has failed to establish that counsel lacked a reasonable basis for

proceeding on a theory that the Commonwealth could not establish the

element of causation. “A petitioner is not entitled to relief because counsel’s

-9-
J-S01027-26

trial strategy was unsuccessful; when the course chosen was reasonable,

counsel cannot be faulted for failing to pursue a different path.”

Commonwealth v. Solano, 129 A.3d 1156, 1166-67 (Pa. 2015) (citation

omitted). Following an evidentiary hearing, the PCRA court rejected this

contention as follows:

[Trial counsel] met with [Rupert] in person for approximately 45
minutes at the Westmoreland County Prison the Friday before jury
selection. During this meeting, trial counsel discussed with
[Rupert] two different plea offers, which [Rupert] ultimately
rejected, as well as possibilities for trial. Trial counsel further
explained to [Rupert] that the Commonwealth had the burden to
prove [Rupert’s] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and that
[Rupert] did not have to prove anything.

[Rupert] testified that he discussed with trial counsel his theory
that [Victim’s mother] lured [him] back to Pennsylvania to use
him as a scapegoat for [Victim’s] injuries. [Trial counsel] denies
being made aware of this theory. [Trial counsel] understood
[Rupert] to be home alone with [Victim] and was made aware by
[Rupert] that [he] did not cause the injuries. Furthermore, trial
counsel testified that [Rupert] never provided him with a witness
that would testify that [Victim’s mother] was abusing [Victim].

There’s no dispute that [Victim’s mother] traveled to Virginia
where [Rupert] was residing and returned to Pennsylvania with
[him]. However, [trial counsel] explained that her purported
reasoning for doing so was that [Rupert] was having suicidal
thoughts. [Rupert] adamantly denies being suicidal or ever
having suicidal thoughts or tendencies.

[Trial counsel] was aware that [Rupert] believed [Victim’s
mother’s] purported reasoning for visiting Virginia to be
fabricated. That being said, trial counsel was concerned that the
Commonwealth would use any alleged history of suicidal thoughts
or tendencies against [Rupert] in front of the jury. As such, [trial
counsel] testified that he and the assistant district attorney made
an agreement to keep this evidence out of trial. The court finds
this to be a reasonable trial strategy.

• 10 - J-S01027-26

---

[Trial counsel] further testified that he always prepares for trial
and that anything [Rupert] gave him he looked into and made a
decision as to whether it could or should be admissible. He stated
that he reviewed and received medical records of the injuries.
Furthermore, he ordered the transcript from the preliminary
hearing to review and prepare for cross-examination and
impeachment purposes. Additionally, he spoke with [Rupert’s]
coworker or employer who gave trial counsel discovery materials
that were later admitted into evidence for impeachment purposes
of [Victim’s mother]. [Trial counsel] clarified that these messages
did not support the assertion that [Victim’s mother] caused the
injuries or that she lured [Rupert] to Pennsylvania to serve as a
scapegoat.

The court finds that [trial counsel] investigated and prepared for
trial. Furthermore, the Commonwealth had the burden to prove
[Rupert] was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. It is a reasonable
trial strategy for [trial counsel] to focus on a working theory that
the Commonwealth cannot meet its burden when causation is a
main issue.

Additionally, trial counsel is not ineffective for failing to present
the alternative theory that [Victim’s mother] caused the injuries
and lured [Rupert] back to Pennsylvania to serve as her
scapegoat. There is dispute as to whether [trial counsel] was
aware of this theory. However, the court finds that [Rupert] has
not proven that this alternative theory offered a higher potential
for success. Trial counsel was not provided with any evidence or
witness that would have supported this alternative theory.
[Rupert] alluded to evidence existing that could support his
theory that [Victim’s mother] lied about her purpose in traveling
to Virginia, but nothing to support that [Victim’s mother] was the
one who caused [Victim’s] injuries.

PCRA Court Memorandum, 4/4/25, at 6-7 (unnecessary capitalization

omitted).

At the evidentiary hearing, the PCRA court heard testimony from both

trial counsel and Rupert. See N.T. PCRA Hearing, 3/4/25, at 5-40; 40-62.

• 11 - J-S01027-26

Although the court heard conflicting testimony concerning this ineffectiveness

claim, it nonetheless determined that trial counsel’s testimony was credible,

and we defer to the PCRA court’s credibility determinations. See Pointer, 348

A.3d at 1227. Based on the foregoing and in our review of the record, we

discern no error or abuse of discretion by the PCRA court in determining that

counsel’s actions were reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly,

because Rupert has failed to satisfy the reasonable basis prong of the

ineffectiveness analysis, this claim fails.

Second, Rupert avers that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

obtain an expert witness to attempt to rebut the testimony offered by Dr.

Eichman. Rupert contends that because Dr. Eichman had already determined

and would testify that Victim’s injuries were the result of abuse, “it was

inevitable that [this] determination would be accepted by the jury” if the

defense did not present its own expert witness to rebut this testimony.

Appellant’s Brief, at 27. Rupert asserts that the defense “had nothing to lose

by seeking a second opinion,” and that if the second opinion contradicted or

found inconclusive the testimony offered by Dr. Eichman, “there was a

potential for acquittal.” Id. Accordingly, Rupert concludes that he has satisfied

all three prongs of the ineffectiveness test. We disagree.

The mere failure to obtain an expert rebuttal witness is not
ineffectiveness. Appellant must demonstrate that an expert
witness was available who would have offered testimony designed
to advance appellant’s cause. Trial counsel need not introduce
expert testimony on his client’s behalf if he is able effectively to
cross-examine prosecution witnesses and elicit helpful testimony.

• 12 - J-S01027-26

Additionally, trial counsel will not be deemed ineffective for failing
to call a medical, forensic, or scientific expert merely to critically
evaluate expert testimony that was presented by the prosecution.

Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 30 A.3d 1111, 1143 (Pa. 2011) (internal

quotation marks, citations, and brackets omitted).

Rupert has failed to establish that trial counsel was ineffective for failing

to obtain an expert rebuttal witness. The Commonwealth astutely notes that

Rupert’s argument “presupposes that there was an expert witness who was

available, who would not have come to the same conclusion as Dr. Eichman

did, who was willing to testify for the defense, and that their testimony would

have been favorable for the defense to the point it would have changed the

outcome of the trial.” Appellee’s Brief, at 13. Rupert has not shown that an

expert witness was available who would have offered testimony designed to

advance his cause. See Chimel, 30 A.3d at 1143. Furthermore, trial counsel

cross-examined Dr. Eichman regarding her expert qualifications as well as the

substance of her testimony, findings, and conclusions. See N.T. Trial,

7/12/23, at 281-283; 320-334.

Moreover, at the PCRA hearing, trial counsel confirmed that he had a

strategic basis for not obtaining an independent medical expert and

specifically relayed his concern that an “independent expert might come to

the same conclusion as the Commonwealth’s expert,” in which case the

defense would then “be faced with two experts ... arriving at the same

conclusion[,]” thereby placing Rupert in an even less favorable position. N.T.

• 13 - J-S01027-26

PCRA Hearing, 3/4/25, at 13. Trial counsel testified that he thought the

Commonwealth could prove that Victim’s injuries amounted to an aggravated

assault, however, the defense theory was that they could not successfully

prove that Rupert was the one who inflicted the injuries. Id. at 16. Trial

counsel advised Rupert that the Commonwealth could place him in “proximity

to the child” but they could not prove that he committed the assault which led

to Victim’s injuries. Id. at 19-20. Based on counsel’s testimony, the PCRA

court explained its findings as follows:

The court does not find trial counsel ineffective as he had a
reasonable basis for his inaction. [Trial counsel] reiterated several
times throughout the evidentiary hearing that his working theory
was that the Commonwealth could not prove that [Rupert] caused
[Victim’s] injuries. He didn’t doubt that the Commonwealth could
prove injuries existed. Instead of risking an independent expert
coming to the same conclusion as the Commonwealth’s, he
decided to focus on cross-examining the medical expert to support
his assertion that she could not prove that [Rupert] was the
person who inflicted the injuries.

PCRA Court Memorandum, 4/4/25, at 10 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

We discern no error or abuse of discretion by the PCRA court in determining

that trial counsel’s basis was reasonable. Accordingly, this ineffectiveness

claim likewise fails.

Third, Rupert avers that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to advise

him of his right to testify in his own defense. See Appellant’s Brief, at 28.

However, Rupert raises this claim for the first time in his appellate brief, and

as such, it is waived for our review. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised

• 14 - J-S01027-26

in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on

appeal.”).

Fourth, Rupert claims that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

present the testimony of seven character witnesses, as “counsel essentially

thought that character witnesses were not important.” Appellant’s Brief, at 28.

We disagree.

In establishing whether defense counsel was ineffective for failing
to call witnesses, an appellant must prove: (1) the witness
existed; (2) the witness was available to testify for the defense;
(3) counsel knew of, or should have known of, the existence of
the witness; (4) the witness was willing to testify for the defense;
and (5) the absence of the testimony of the witness was so
prejudicial as to have denied the defendant a fair trial.

Commonwealth v. Alceus, 315 A.3d 853, 860 (Pa. Super. 2024) (brackets

and citation omitted). For a claim that trial counsel’s failure to call a character

witness to have arguable merit, the petitioner must present the testimony of

the proposed character witness at the PCRA hearing to testify to his availability

and willingness to serve as a character witness. See Commonwealth v.

Hollabaugh, 346 A.3d 794, 800-01 (Pa. Super. 2025).

In the argument section of his brief, Rupert fails to address the above

five factors or offer any meaningful argument to support his claim. See

Appellant’s Brief, at 28-29; Alceus, 315 A.3d at 860. Furthermore, Rupert’s

claim lacks arguable merit because he failed to present the testimony of any

proposed character witness at his PCRA hearing. See Hollabaugh, 346 A.3d

• 15 - J-S01027-26

at 800-01. Accordingly, Rupert has failed to establish that counsel was

ineffective for failing to call his purported character witnesses.

Moreover, the PCRA court adequately explained its findings concerning

this ineffectiveness claim as follows:

[Rupert] testified that he wanted to call seven character
witnesses. He indicated that he provided trial counsel with their
names, addresses, and phone numbers. [Rupert] stated that [trial
counsel] rejected his request, relaying to him that this trial wasn’t
about his character and that he did not have subpoena power.

[Trial counsel] testified that he did not believe this case required
the inclusion of character witnesses. ... [C]ounsel further testified
that he informed [Rupert] of [Rupert’s] subpoena power and that
[Rupert] never asked him to subpoena witnesses. Additionally, he
does not recall [Rupert] asking him to look into potential character
witnesses.

[Trial counsel] further testified that he believed that [Victim’s
mother] would expose herself upon cross-examination; therefore,
he did not focus on potential witnesses to contradict [her]
credibility.

Furthermore, [trial counsel] reviewed [Rupert’s] criminal history
prior to trial. Under the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence
404(a)(2)(A): “a defendant may offer evidence of the defendant’s
pertinent trait, and if the evidence is admitted, the prosecutor may
offer evidence to rebut it.” Had there been witnesses to testify
regarding [Rupert’s] truthfulness, peacefulness, or law-abiding
character, trial counsel was aware that this could open the door
for the Commonwealth to potentially present [Rupert’s] prior
convictions before the jury.

[Rupert] admitted that he would not have wanted the jury to know
about his criminal history, which includes convictions for theft and
conspiracy to commit simple assault. However, he clarified that he
would still choose to present his character witnesses and tell his
side of the story.

The court does not find [trial counsel] ineffective for failing to call
witnesses. Due to the conflicting testimony regarding the

• 16 - J-S01027-26

discussion of witnesses and subpoena power, it is not clear to the
court whether [trial counsel] knew that the witnesses existed or
whether the witnesses were willing or available to testify.
Regardless of the disputed facts, [Rupert] has failed to prove that
the absence of the witnesses’ testimony has prejudiced him. To
the contrary, the record reflects that introducing character
evidence had a higher potential risk than reward. The court finds
it reasonable for trial counsel to avoid the possibility of the
Commonwealth presenting to the jury [Rupert’s] past criminal
history, especially when trial counsel does not believe character
witnesses would serve any benefit to [Rupert].

PCRA Court Memorandum, 4/4/25, at 5-6 (unnecessary capitalization

omitted).

Finally, Rupert avers that even if this Court concludes his individual

ineffectiveness claims fail, he is nonetheless entitled to a new trial based on

the cumulative prejudicial effect of trial counsel’s errors. We disagree.

It is well-settled that no number of failed ineffectiveness claims
may collectively warrant relief if they fail to do so individually.
Accordingly, where ineffectiveness claims are rejected for lack of
arguable merit, there is no basis for an accumulation claim. When
the failure of individual claims is grounded in lack of prejudice,
however, then the cumulative prejudice from those individual
claims may properly be assessed.

Commonwealth v. Smith, 181 A.3d 1168, 1187 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations

and quotation marks omitted).

Rupert waived this issue by failing to set forth a cogent, corresponding

argument in his brief to support this claim. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a); Martz,

232 A.3d at 809. Furthermore, Rupert’s individual claims regarding the

character witnesses and expert testimony were not denied due to lack of

prejudice, but rather on the credibility findings of the PCRA court in accepting

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trial counsel’s testimony as credible and supportive of counsel’s trial strategy.

Therefore, there is no basis for an accumulation claim. See Smith, 181 A.3d

at 1187. Accordingly, Rupert’s cumulative error claim likewise fails.

For the foregoing reasons, Rupert’s claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel fail, and he is not entitled to his requested relief. Accordingly, we

affirm the PCRA court order denying Rupert’s PCRA petition.

Order affirmed.

3/24/2026

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