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March 23, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

King County V. Aquatherm Gmbh

Court of Appeals of Washington

• Citations: None known

• Docket Number: 85572-7

• Opinion

• Authorities (50)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (258)

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Combined Opinion

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

KING COUNTY, a Washington
municipal corporation, No. 85572-7-I (consolidated with
No. 85595-6-I)
Respondent,
DIVISION ONE
v.
ORDER GRANTING
AQUATHERM GMBH, a German MOTION TO PUBLISH
entity,

Appellant,

and

AQUATHERM L.P., a Delaware limited
partnership; AETNA NA L.C. f/k/a
AQUATHERM NA L.C., a Utah limited
liability company, AQUATHERM INC.,
a Utah corporation, RIDGELINE
MECHANICAL SALES, LLC, a
Montana limited liability company,
HARRINGTON INDUSTRIAL
PLASTICS, INC., a Delaware limited
liability company, WOOD HARBINGER
INC., a Washington corporation, WG
CLARK CONSTRUCTION CO., a
Washington corporation, and AUBURN
MECHANICAL INC., a Washington
corporation,

Defendants.

Appellant Aquatherm GmbH (Aquatherm) moved to publish the court’s opinion

filed on February 2, 2026. Appellant Anne Cohen joined Aquatherm’s motion to publish.
No. 85572-7-I (consol. with No. 85595-6-I)/2

Respondent King County filed an answer to the motion to publish and Aquatherm filed a

reply.

The court has determined that the motion should be granted. Therefore, it is

ORDERED that appellant’s motion to publish the opinion is granted.

FOR THE COURT:

2
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

KING COUNTY, a Washington
municipal corporation, No. 85572-7-I (consolidated with
No. 85595-6-I)
Respondent,
DIVISION ONE
v.
PUBLISHED OPINION
AQUATHERM GMBH, a German
entity,

Appellant,

and

AQUATHERM L.P., a Delaware limited
partnership; AETNA NA L.C. f/k/a
AQUATHERM NA L.C., a Utah limited
liability company, AQUATHERM INC.,
a Utah corporation, RIDGELINE
MECHANICAL SALES, LLC, a
Montana limited liability company,
HARRINGTON INDUSTRIAL
PLASTICS, INC., a Delaware limited
liability company, WOOD HARBINGER
INC., a Washington corporation, WG
CLARK CONSTRUCTION CO., a
Washington corporation, and AUBURN
MECHANICAL INC., a Washington
corporation,

Defendants.

MANN, J. — King County sued Aquatherm GmbH (Aquatherm) and others

alleging that Aquatherm’s green polypropylene pipe installed at the King County
No. 85572-7-I (consol. with No. 85595-6-I)/2

Correctional Facility (KCCF), was defective. The complaint asserted violations of the

Washington Product Liability Act (WPLA), ch. 7.72 RCW; the Consumer Protection Act

(CPA), ch. 19.86 RCW; and a claim for breach of warranties. After a six-week trial, a

jury awarded the County over $18 million.

Aquatherm appeals and challenges the trial court’s rulings on personal

jurisdiction and various discovery sanction orders. Aquatherm also argues that the trial

court was biased. We affirm.

I

A

The County owns the KCCF located on 5th Avenue in Seattle. The KCCF

regularly houses over 1,000 people. In 2008, the County determined that it needed to

replace the domestic potable water pipes at the KCCF because of ongoing failures.

The County selected Aquatherm pipe for the project based on Aquatherm’s

representation about the pipe’s suitability for the facility. Aquatherm pipe is

manufactured by Aquatherm, a company located in Germany. Aquatherm pipe had

been installed at other locations in Washington, including Swedish Hospital, the Via6

apartments at Sixth and Lenora, the Fred Hutchinson Building, and Virginia Mason

Hospital.

Between 2011 and 2013, the County installed nearly six miles of Aquatherm pipe

at the KCCF. Soon after the installation was completed, the pipes began to fail.

Unknown to the County at the time, Aquatherm pipe had been experiencing failures

around the world, including in Australia, Canada, and the Via6 apartments in Seattle.

The County worked with Aquatherm to repair the ongoing and increasing pipe failures.

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In 2019, the County retained Dr. Bryan Templeton, a metallurgist and materials

engineer, to investigate the failures. Dr. Templeton determined that the failures were

due to copper-catalyzed oxidation of the Aquatherm pipe. The County determined that

all of the Aquatherm pipe was susceptible to failure. The County decided to perform an

emergency repipe project to replace all of the Aquatherm pipe.

B

In March 2019, the County sued Aquatherm, several U.S. Aquatherm partners

and distributors, and designers and contractors involved in the project. The lawsuit was

filed in King County Superior Court and alleged violations of the WPLA, CPA, and

breach of warranties. 1

Aquatherm moved to dismiss the County’s complaint for lack of personal

jurisdiction in October 2019. The trial court denied Aquatherm’s motion to dismiss

without prejudice after determining that the facts alleged in the County’s complaint

satisfied its pleading burden under CR 12(b)(2). The court’s order allowed Aquatherm

to bring a future challenge to personal jurisdiction after February 3, 2020.

On April 11, 2023, less than a month before trial was set to begin, Aquatherm

renewed its challenge to personal jurisdiction and moved for an evidentiary hearing on

the issue. The trial court determined that because the evidence to be presented at trial

would be duplicative of the evidence at an evidentiary hearing, it would conduct a bench

trial on personal jurisdiction during the jury trial. The trial court ultimately determined

that it had personal jurisdiction.

1 The County’s claims against the non-Aquatherm entities settled before trial.

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Additionally, the trial court found on two occasions that Aquatherm engaged in

discovery violations and entered sanction orders. The first discovery sanction

concerned Aquatherm’s failure to disclose the existence of a second recipe used in the

Aquatherm pipe installed at the KCCF. In a parallel proceeding being litigated in King

County concerning Aquatherm pipe failures at the Via6 apartments, Aquatherm offered

testimony that there was only one recipe used for its plastic pipe sold in the United

States and told the County in this case to rely on that testimony. The County eventually

learned of the existence of a second recipe used in the pipe at the KCCF. The trial

court concluded that Aquatherm violated the discovery rules by failing to disclose the

second recipe, which the trial court concluded was willful and substantially prejudicial to

the County. The court considered various sanctions but ultimately ordered that certain

facts were deemed established and personally sanctioned one of Aquatherm’s

attorneys, Anne Cohen, $18,000.

Then, on the second to last day of testimony, one of Aquatherm’s witnesses

testified that it maintained samples of the pipe installed at the KCCF, which was not

produced during discovery. The trial court found that Aquatherm engaged in another

discovery violation and sanctioned Aquatherm $1.5 million. The court also personally

sanctioned Cohen $5,000.

After a six-week trial, on June 29, 2023, the jury returned a verdict for the County

finding that Aquatherm violated the WPLA and CPA. The jury awarded the County

$18,063,850. The jury found for Aquatherm on the County’s breach of warranties claim.

On July 17, 2023, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law finding

specific personal jurisdiction over Aquatherm.

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Aquatherm appeals.

II

Aquatherm first argues that the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over

Aquatherm.

A

We begin by summarizing the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law

addressing personal jurisdiction.

Aquatherm is the sole manufacturer of Aquatherm pipe and is headquartered in

Attendorn, Germany. It is not domiciled or registered to do business in Washington and

does not own or lease any real property in Washington.

The trial court found that Aquatherm formed and partnered with several U.S.

entities to facilitate the sale of Aquatherm pipe. For example, in 2007, Aquatherm

partnered with Aquatherm Inc., a Utah corporation, to expand its sales of Aquatherm

pipe to the United States. Under the exclusive distribution agreement, Aquatherm

assigned to Aquatherm Inc. the exclusive right to distribution of Aquatherm pipe

throughout North America.

From January 2011 to December 2015, Aquatherm was in an exclusive

distribution agreement with Aetna NA L.C. f/k/a Aquatherm NA. In December 2015,

Aquatherm LP became the exclusive distributor of Aquatherm pipe in North America

and remained as the exclusive distributor at the time of all related proceedings.

The trial court found that Aquatherm marketed and sold pipe through a

manufacturer representative called Ridgeline Mechanical Sales (Ridgeline). The

agreement with Ridgeline specified Washington as a territory for sales of Aquatherm

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pipe. Ridgeline’s owner testified that he understood Ridgeline’s role was to represent

Aquatherm as a manufacturer.

Aquatherm also distributed its pipe through Harrington Industrial Plastics

(Harrington). For pipes installed at the KCCF, the County’s installer placed its purchase

order for Aquatherm pipe through Harrington. The supply agreement between

Harrington and Aetna (Aquatherm’s exclusive distributor at the time) provided that the

purpose of the agreement was to increase sales of Aquatherm pipe in Washington.

The trial court found that at all times, the Aquatherm entities, including

Aquatherm, sold, distributed, and marketed Aquatherm pipe under the generic brand

name Aquatherm. The court also found that Aquatherm did not try to distinguish the

entities and held themselves out to the public as Aquatherm. Moreover, the witnesses

who testified to their interactions with the various Aquatherm entities explained that they

understood the Aquatherm entities to be interrelated and referred to them as

Aquatherm.

In May 2007, and in June 2009, the trial court found that Aquatherm contracted

with Paschal Engineering & Forensic Consulting, LLC. James Paschal was the

principal of this company and was to act as the primary contact for all product approvals

and certifications of Aquatherm pipes in North America. In March 2012, Aquatherm

entered a contract employee agreement with Paschal where he was to provide support

regarding warranties and potential litigation issues.

The trial court found that Paschal acted as the point of contact in North America,

including for the KCCF repipe project. For example, Aquatherm’s managing director

Dirk Rosenberg assured Ridgeline (the manufacturing representative) that they could

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rely on Paschal. Paschal worked with Ridgeline and Wood Harbinger (the County’s

design consultant) during the KCCF project.

The trial court also found that Aquatherm represented that all of its pipe met all

plumbing and water quality standards, including requirements imposed by the King

County Department of Health. At some point, Aquatherm also petitioned to change the

plumbing code so that plastic piping materials like Aquatherm pipe could be approved in

Washington.

Ridgeline hosted “lunch and learn” seminars intended to generate sales of

Aquatherm pipe in Washington. During a lunch and learn session, Ridgeline introduced

Aquatherm pipe to Wood Harbinger. The trial court found Wood Harbinger received

design guides and literature about Aquatherm pipe and identified Aquatherm as the

manufacturer of the pipe.

The trial court found that Ridgeline and Aquatherm Inc. met directly with the

County on several occasions to encourage the County to select Aquatherm pipe.

Ridgeline and Aquatherm Inc. regularly updated Aquatherm on its solicitation of the

KCCF project.

In November 2009, Aquatherm managing director Rosenberg visited Seattle and

met with Wood Harbinger to discuss the KCCF project. Rosenberg discussed the

KCCF project and why the existing pipe previously failed at the KCCF.

Aquatherm also offered a 10-year warranty on its pipe sold in Washington. The

warranty did not contain a territorial limitation and protected against all property

damage, financial loss, and personal injury arising from using Aquatherm pipe.

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The trial court found that over the next two years Aquatherm, through its agents

including Paschal, responded to the County and Wood Harbinger’s request for

additional information about Aquatherm pipe. For example, in response to the County’s

request, Paschal identified other projects at jails where Aquatherm pipe had been

installed.

The trial court found that Aquatherm actively participated in the installation

project at the KCCF from 2011 to 2013. For example, at the beginning of the project,

Aquatherm directly shipped its pipe from its manufacturing plant in Germany to the

KCCF after the County complained of delays. Paschal also regularly reviewed and

commented on the installation at the KCCF.

Paschal regularly consulted with David Jacques, Wood Harbinger’s primary

engineer for the KCCF project, on the installation of pipes at the KCCF. Aquatherm

invited Jacques to tour the Aquatherm manufacturing factory in Germany. Jacques

subsequently spent several days in Germany touring the factory and meeting

Aquatherm officers. This visit occurred while the project at the KCCF was ongoing.

At some point, there was an issue whether certain adapters used by the County’s

contractor, Auburn Mechanical, would be suitable, and Paschal sent a letter to Auburn

Mechanical stating that the different adapters would not affect the receipt of the

warranty. Paschal or Rosenberg answered various questions about the KCCF project

and the warranty throughout the installation.

When the pipes began to fail at the KCCF, Aquatherm investigated the failures,

and Paschal performed the product claim evaluations on behalf of Aquatherm. The trial

court found that from 2014 to 2019, Paschal performed inspections, issued reports on

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the failures, evaluated warranty work, sent samples from the KCCF to Germany, paid

for contractors for repairs, and met with the County representatives about the failures.

Based on the above facts, the trial court made several conclusions of law. The

trial court concluded that Aquatherm purposefully availed itself of the privilege of

conducting business in Washington. The court reasoned that Aquatherm issued nine

warranties directly to the County, which is sufficient to show a contractual relationship in

Washington. The court noted that, while Aquatherm challenged the enforceability of the

warranties, it never challenged that the warranties were in fact issued by Aquatherm.

The court also reasoned that Aquatherm authorized its agent, Paschal, to

oversee the ongoing work related to the repair of the initial failures of the KCCF pipe.

The court concluded that Paschal was doing warranty work on behalf of Aquatherm and

rejected his testimony that the work was only “good faith” work. The trial court further

reasoned that Aquatherm directed its business acts to King County when Aquatherm’s

managing director Rosenberg traveled to King County to meet with Wood Harbinger,

the design consultant. The trial court also noted that Paschal regularly communicated

with the County before, during, and after installation regarding Aquatherm’s warranty.

The court concluded that these contacts easily surpass the requisite “minimum

contacts.”

The trial court also concluded that Aquatherm’s acts were purposeful and not

“random, isolated, or fortuitous,” that the County’s claims arose out of or related to

Aquatherm’s contacts with Washington, and that Aquatherm did not meet its burden to

prove that the exercise of personal jurisdiction would be unreasonable or unfair.

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Accordingly, the trial court concluded that it could exercise personal jurisdiction over

Aquatherm.

B

We review the trial court’s findings of fact for substantial evidence. Noll v.

Special Elec. Co., Inc., 9 Wn. App. 2d 317, 321, 444 P.3d 33 (2019). We review de

novo the trial court’s conclusions of law on personal jurisdiction. Failla v. Fixture One

Corp., 181 Wn.2d 642, 649, 336 P.3d 1112 (2014).

“A court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant requires

compliance with both the relevant state long-arm statute and the Fourteenth

Amendment’s due process clause.” Downing v. Losvar, 21 Wn. App. 2d 635, 653, 507

P.3d 894 (2022) (citing Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 137, 134 S. Ct. 746, 187

L. Ed. 2d 624 (2014)). Washington’s long-arm statute permits jurisdiction over:

(1) Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this state, who in
person or through an agent does any of the acts in this section
enumerated, thereby submits said person, and, if an individual, his
personal representative, to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state as to
any cause of action arising from the doing of any of said acts:

(a) The transaction of any business within this state;

(b) The commission of a tortious act within this state.

RCW 4.28.185.

Our Supreme Court has consistently held that the state long-arm statute permits

jurisdiction over foreign corporations to the extent permitted by the due process clause

of the United States Constitution. Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 654; Noll v. Am. Biltrite,

Inc., 188 Wn.2d 402, 411, 395 P.3d 1021 (2017); Shute v. Carnival Cruise Lines, 113

Wn.2d 763, 766-67, 783 P.2d 78 (1989). The due process clause of the Fourteenth

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Amendment limits the power of a state court to assert personal jurisdiction over

nonresidents of the state. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Ct., 582 U.S. 256, 137

S. Ct. 1773, 198 L. Ed. 2d 395 (2017). “Because a state court’s assertion of jurisdiction

exposes defendants to the state’s coercive power, personal jurisdiction falls within the

parameters of the clause.” Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 655.

To comply with due process, three requirements must be satisfied: “(1)

purposeful ‘minimum contacts’ must exist between the defendant and the forum state,

(2) the plaintiff’s injuries must arise out of or relate to those minimum contacts, and (3)

the exercise of jurisdiction must be reasonable, that is, consistent with notions of ‘fair

play and substantial justice.’” Daniels v. Sommers, 32 Wn. App. 2d 482, 494, 556 P.3d

1113 (2024) (quoting State v. LG Elecs., Inc., 186 Wn.2d 169, 176-77, 375 P.3d 1035

(2016)). To establish sufficient minimum contacts, the defendant must take some action

“by which it purposefully avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the

forum state.” Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 662-63 (citing Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277,

284-85, 134 S. Ct. 1115, 188 L. Ed. 2d 12 (2014)). “The contacts between the

nonresident defendant and the forum state must show that the defendant deliberately

‘reached out beyond’ its home—by, for example, ‘exploi[ting] a market’ in the forum

State or entering a contractual relationship centered there.” Duell v. Alaska Airlines,

Inc., 26 Wn. App. 2d 890, 901, 530 P.3d 1015 (2023) (alteration in original) (internal

quotations omitted) (quoting Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 592 U.S.

351, 359, 141 S. Ct. 1017, 209 L. Ed. 2d 225 (2021)). In contrast, purposeful availment

does not exist when the contacts are “random, isolated, or fortuitous.” Downing, 21 Wn.

App. 2d at 663 (quoting Ford Motor, 592 U.S. at 359).

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The plaintiff bears the burden to prove that there were purposeful minimum

contacts with the forum state and that the plaintiff’s injuries arise out of those minimum

contacts. State v. AU Optronics Corp., 180 Wn. App. 903, 914-15, 328 P.3d 919

(2014). If the plaintiff meets that burden, the defendant must show that jurisdiction is

not consistent with notions of fair play and substantial justice. AU Optronics, 180 Wn.

App. at 914-15.

C

Aquatherm first asserts that its placing of pipes in the stream of commerce with

knowledge that the County would purchase them does not establish purposeful

availment. We disagree.

Generally, a foreign manufacturer does not purposefully avail itself when a sale

in the forum state is an isolated occurrence or when the unilateral act of a third party

brings the product into the forum state. LG Elecs., 186 Wn.2d at 177 (citing World-Wide

Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 295, 100 S. Ct. 559, 62 L. Ed. 2d 490

(1980)). Further, “[t]he stream of commerce theory does not allow jurisdiction based on

the mere foreseeability that a product may end up in a forum state.” LG Elecs., 186

Wn.2d at 178 (citing World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 295-97). But “[d]esigning the

product for the market in the forum state, advertising in the forum state, establishing

channels for providing regular advice to customers in the forum state, or marketing the

product through a distributor who has agreed to serve as the sales agent in the forum

state entails purposeful availment.” Downing, 21 Wn. App. 2d at 664.

Here, substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that Aquatherm

had more than mere knowledge that its products were in the stream of commerce and

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could end up in Washington. First, Aquatherm shipped some pipe directly from

Germany to Washington for the KCCF project. Second, Aquatherm’s managing director

Rosenberg traveled to Seattle to meet about the KCCF project. Third, Aquatherm also

invited the lead engineer of the project to Germany to view the manufacturing of

Aquatherm pipes while the KCCF project was taking place. Fourth, Ridgeline and

Aquatherm Inc. updated Aquatherm on the KCCF project while it was ongoing,

demonstrating that Aquatherm knew about the project at the KCCF. Fifth, Aquatherm

was in contact with the project’s installer about whether certain clamps could be used in

the installation and whether that would impact the warranty. Sixth, Aquatherm, through

Paschal, worked on warranty repairs and investigated the pipe failures. Seventh,

Aquatherm petitioned to change the Washington plumbing code, which demonstrates its

intention to purposefully avail itself of Washington’s market. These facts demonstrate

that Aquatherm did more than have mere knowledge that its products would end up in

Washington.

D

Aquatherm next asserts that the trial court erred in relying on the warranties to

find purposeful minimum contacts. We disagree.

Aquatherm correctly notes that a contract, standing alone, between a

nonresident and a Washington corporation is generally insufficient to establish

jurisdiction. See Freestone Cap. Partners L.P. v. MKA Real Estate Opportunity Fund I,

LLC, 155 Wn. App. 643, 653, 230 P.3d 625 (2010) (mere existence of a contract with a

Washington corporation is insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction). Instead, the

court should also consider “[p]rior negotiations and contemplated future consequences,

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along with the terms of the contract and the parties’ actual course of dealing.”

Freestone, 155 Wn. App. at 653.

Raymond v. Robinson, 104 Wn. App. 627, 15 P.3d 697 (2001) is instructive.

There, the defendant company was an Arizona business that installed recreation vehicle

accessories. Raymond, 104 Wn. App. at 631. The company had no officers, agents, or

offices in Washington but advertised in magazines that reached the state. Raymond,

104 Wn. App. at 631-32. The plaintiff was a Washington resident that made a purchase

with a one-year warranty after seeing the advertisement in a national magazine.

Raymond, 104 Wn. App. at 631-32. At some point, issues arose with the purchase, and

the company authorized additional repairs through the warranty and sent a tech from

Arizona to Washington to do the repairs. Raymond, 104 Wn. App. at 632. After

continued failures, the plaintiff sued the Arizona company under various theories

including negligence and breach of contract. Raymond, 104 Wn. App. at 632. The

company successfully moved to dismiss based on a lack of personal jurisdiction.

Raymond, 104 Wn. App. at 632.

Division Two of this court reversed. The court reiterated that the “focus of [the

minimum contacts inquiry] is on the quality and nature of RVI’s activities in the state,

rather than the number of acts within the state or some other mechanical standard.”

Raymond, 104 Wn. App. at 637 (emphasis added). The court reasoned the Arizona

company actively initiated transactions through its advertisements in national

magazines and by sending brochures to customers. Raymond, 104 Wn. App. at 638.

The court also explained that the contacts significantly increased when it began

performing warranty work in Washington and authorized a tech to come to Washington

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to perform repairs. Raymond, 104 Wn. App. at 638. The court stated that by selling its

products in Washington it knew its product would end up in the state, and the contacts

extended at least as long as the warranty. Raymond, 104 Wn. App. at 640.

Here, like Raymond, Aquatherm knew that its product was in Washington and

that it would have more contacts with the state at least as long as the warranty. And,

like Raymond, the contacts began to increase when Paschal began performing and

evaluating warranty work on behalf of Aquatherm. Further, Aquatherm answered

questions about the installation and whether certain clamps would affect the receipt of

the warranty. The actual course of dealing involved Aquatherm’s agents regularly

updating Aquatherm on the status of the contract.

Additionally, as the court noted in Raymond, the focus of the minimum contacts

inquiry is the quality and nature of the contacts, not the numbers of acts. Therefore,

Aquatherm’s argument that a single visit from its managing director is insufficient and

unpersuasive. Aquatherm actively worked on the KCCF project, shipped materials from

its plant, visited the site, invited the County’s designer to Germany, and authorized

Paschal to complete warranty work. Accordingly, contrary to Aquatherm’s assertion,

there is more than only a contract between Aquatherm and the County. See also

Aquatherm GmbH v. Renaissance Assocs. I Ltd. P’ship, 140 N.E.3d 349, 362 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2020) (holding that the warranty between the plaintiff and Aquatherm supported

finding personal jurisdiction because the warranty “necessitated [Aquatherm’s]

continued involvement with the end-user of its product”).

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E

Aquatherm next argues that its distribution contracts were insufficient to establish

jurisdiction. We disagree.

Aquatherm relies on Montgomery v. Air Serv Corp., Inc., 9 Wn. App. 2d 532, 446

P.3d 659 (2019). There, the defendant was an airport services company incorporated

in Georgia. Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 535. The company offered a variety of

services including wheelchair assistance, janitorial services, and cabin cleaning.

Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 535. The company had an affiliate location in SeaTac,

but its services there did not include its wheelchair services. Montgomery, 9 Wn. App.

2d at 535.

A passenger booked a flight through Alaska Airlines from Seattle to Dallas and

requested wheelchair service. Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 536. The defendant

company’s name was not identified, and the passenger did not work with the company

directly. Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 535. When the passenger arrived in Dallas, the

company provided wheelchair services, which ultimately resulted in the death of the

passenger. Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 536.

The passenger’s estate filed a claim in King County for negligence against the

airline services company. Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 536. The estate argued that

its claims arose from the distribution contracts with Washington through the third-party

arrangements that the company had with airlines to provide wheelchair services in

Dallas to Washington residents who fly to Texas. Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 543.

This court rejected the argument and held, “[p]roviding services in Texas does not

manifest an intention to submit to the jurisdiction of Washington courts. And the

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presence of third parties in Washington cannot substitute for the absence of a link

between the forum and the defendant’s wrongful act that gave rise to the claim.”

Montgomery, 9 Wn. App. 2d at 545.

The County asserts that Duell is instructive. There, a Washington resident

purchased a flight from Alaska Airlines on the Alaska Airlines website. Duell, 26 Wn.

App. 2d at 894. Alaska Airlines held a contract with PenAir—a Delaware corporation

headquartered in Anchorage. Duell, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 894. PenAir did not own any

property in Washington or operate any flights. Duell, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 894. Alaska

Airlines had control over the operation of PenAir, including the pricing and marketing,

schedule, and use of Alaska branding. Duell, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 894. The plane,

operated by PenAir, crashed and killed the Washington resident, and the estate sued.

Duell, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 894.

On appeal, PenAir argued that there was no personal jurisdiction because there

was no purposeful availment since it did not own any property in Washington, employ

any Washington citizens, operate flights in Washington, or conduct any operations in

Washington. Duell, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 900. It also argued that there was no evidence

that it advertised in Washington or otherwise solicited business from Washington

residents. Duell, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 900.

This court disagreed, reasoning that PenAir exploited the market in Washington

with its contract with Alaska Airlines and relied on Washington-based Alaska Airlines to

exclusively market and sell PenAir’s flights. Duell, 26 Wn. App. 2d at 901-02. Further,

we explained that the choice of law provision in the contract indicated that Washington

law would govern all matters of construction, validity, and performance. Duell, 26 Wn.

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App. 2d at 903. Therefore, we reasoned that the choice of law provision was an

example of how PenAir invoked the benefits and protections of Washington law. Duell,

26 Wn. App. 2d at 904. Accordingly, we held that PenAir purposefully availed itself in

the state and could be held accountable for its misconduct. Duell, 26 Wn. App. 2d at

904.

This case is more like Duell than Montgomery. First, unlike Montgomery,

Aquatherm’s contracts with its subsidiaries were for the purpose of reaching

Washington state and increasing sales here. The trial court also found that Aquatherm

mandated that its subsidiaries use the Aquatherm name and all of its pipe identified it as

Aquatherm. Further, Aquatherm contracted with Ridgeline, which serves territories in

the Pacific Northwest, to be the manufacturing representative for sales in Washington.

This is more like Duell, where the contract specifically provided for activities in

Washington. Additionally, Aquatherm petitioned to change the plumbing code in

Washington so that its plastic pipe could be approved. Aquatherm was availing itself of

the benefits of Washington law.

Aquatherm makes several other arguments that many of the trial court’s findings,

standing alone, were insufficient to confer personal jurisdiction. But when reviewing the

contacts as a whole, there is substantial evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion

that Aquatherm purposefully availed itself of Washington law. Aquatherm purposefully

availed itself in Washington by working directly with the County, communicating about

warranty work, shipping pipes directly from its plant in Germany, exploiting the

Washington market, and working to expand the market in Washington.

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For those reasons, the trial court did not err when it concluded that it had

personal jurisdiction over Aquatherm. 2

III

Aquatherm asserts that the trial court erred, both procedurally and substantively,

when it issued two sanctions for discovery violations.

A

In July 2019, the County sought discovery for all records relating to the

manufacturing and formulation of the Aquatherm pipes installed at the KCCF:

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 20: Produce copies of any and all
documents of any nature that relate to the design, manufacture,
construction, fabrication, assembly, and/or formulation of the type of
Aquatherm Pipe installed at [the KCCF].

The County also sought discovery that the Aquatherm pipes complied with applicable

governmental and industry standards and regulations:

INTERROGATORY NO. 24: Identify all facts that support your affirmative
defense that the product at issue at all times relevant complied with all
applicable governmental and industry standards and regulations. The
design specifications and condition met or exceeded all applicable local,
state, and federal safety requirements and passed all required audits,
testing, and plumbing codes at all times relevant, including but not limited
to, for use in the potable water systems. The product was manufactured,
marketed, furnished, supplied, and/or sold in conformity with the industrial
and scientific state-of-the-art.

INTERROGATORY NO. 32: Identify all facts that support your affirmative
defense that the product at issue at all times relevant complied with all
2 Aquatherm does not directly address in its opening brief the two other prongs of the personal

jurisdiction test—whether the claims arose out of Aquatherm’s contacts with Washington and whether the
exercise of personal jurisdiction offends notions of fair play and justice. But we conclude that the claims,
products liability, and contractual warranty, arise out of and relate to its contacts with Washington
because the pipe failures related to Aquatherm’s representation that the pipe was fit for the KCCF.
Further, the County would not have suffered damages but for Aquatherm’s manufacturing of a defective
pipe. Lastly, the exercise of personal jurisdiction does not offend traditional notions of fair play and justice
considering Aquatherm’s contacts with Washington, and Aquatherm has not presented argument to the
contrary.

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applicable governmental and industry standards and regulations, and that
the design specifications and condition of the product met or exceeded all
applicable local, state, and federal safety requirements and passed all
required audits, testing, and plumbing codes.

In October 2019, the County and Aquatherm conferred about discovery related to

the formulation of Aquatherm pipe. For Aquatherm to produce the manufacturing

information, Aquatherm stated that it needed the “print string” information—a list of

codes on the pipe’s exterior, which the County sent on October 23, 2019.

On November 1, 2019, Aquatherm produced over 20,000 pages of records and

one document was entitled “confidential recipe information.” This recipe is now referred

to by the parties as AMB 10, but the document only referred to it as the recipe.

In December 2019, in the ongoing Via6 litigation, Aquatherm submitted testimony

from multiple witnesses that there was only one formula for the Aquatherm pipe.

Aquatherm directed the County to rely on the depositions in the Via6 litigation to

understand the scope of their testimony in this case.

But unknown to the County at the time, when Aquatherm’s quality assurance

manager Ulrich Höffer ran the print string information of the pipes at the KCCF, he

learned that there were two different recipes for the pipes used at the KCCF—AMB 10

and AMB 16. He later testified confirming that he had known of the AMB 16 recipe

since late 2019 or early 2020 and had reported it to Aquatherm’s counsel.

In August 2019, the County and Aquatherm selected pipe in situ for removal and

sampling at the KCCF. The amount of Aquatherm pipe installed at the KCCF was

almost six lineal miles, over 4,000 individual pieces, so testing could not be done on

each piece. Accordingly, the parties engaged in a random sampling plan based on the

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single AMB 10 recipe to obtain a representative set of pipe samples. Over the following

months, the parties engaged in a joint examination and laboratory examination of the

pipes, costing over $200,000. In September 2020, the County performed an emergency

repipe project removing all Aquatherm pipe from the KCCF.

In October 2020, Aquatherm confirmed that it had provided all of the relevant

manufacturing documents. But Aquatherm did not inform the County that there was a

second recipe used in at least some of the pipe at the KCCF.

In September 2021, the County first learned of the potential existence of a

second recipe when Aquatherm’s expert Dr. Graeme George wrote in his report that

certain pipes installed at the KCCF used an “alternative stabilization system.” This

report was the first time Aquatherm had mentioned the potential existence of another

recipe.

On January 21, 2022, Aquatherm produced the second recipe, AMB 16, after

Höffer created a new document that laid out the chemical composition of the pipe. The

trial court found that AMB 10 and AMB 16 do not contain the same ingredients or type

of ingredients, and AMB 16 lacks key ingredients including any primary antioxidants and

metal deactivators, which are necessary to prevent oxidation (rotting) in the pipes. The

trial court also found Aquatherm did not produce documents demonstrating that AMB 16

was certified by NSF. 3

In February 2022, the County asked that Aquatherm cure various issues related

to the nondisclosure of the second formula, including withdrawing one of its experts,

3 NSF is an organization that certifies products for water and food applications.

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supplementing discovery, and amending its answer. When the County eventually

conferred with Aquatherm, its counsel stated that “[i]t is not our job to do your

discovery.” Aquatherm also threatened CR 11 sanctions against the County for not

doing a proper investigation into the second formula.

On February 23, 2023, the County notified the trial court that it had a motion for

discovery sanctions and asked whether it should file it as a motion in limine or have it

calendared as a dispositive motion. The pretrial judge told the County to treat it as a

motion in limine because it would be best decided by the trial judge.

On March 15, 2023, the County moved for partial summary judgment against the

Aquatherm entities for the CPA claim. The County argued that since AMB 16 was not

certified by NSF, it was a per se violation of the CPA. On March 31, 2023, the trial court

denied summary judgment.

On April 11, 2023, the County moved in limine to remedy Aquatherm’s

discovery abuses for failing to timely disclose the AMB 16 recipe used in Aquatherm

pipe. The County sought an inference that (1) pipe manufactured with AMB 16 was

ubiquitous throughout KCCF, (2) it was in areas of the system under optimal conditions,

and (3) it was installed in accordance with Aquatherm guidelines. Aquatherm opposed

the motion arguing that there was only one formula but had multiple “alternative

equivalents.” Aquatherm further asserted that there was no existing document in its

possession that it did not produce.

The trial court found that Aquatherm had a duty to disclose the existence of AMB

16—even before Höffer testified that the pipes in the KCCF were manufactured with

AMB 16. The trial court concluded that Aquatherm’s failure to mention the existence of

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a second recipe in interrogatories related to certification and related to the recipe were

evasive and misleading because NSF’s certification of AMB 16 “was, at best, in serious

doubt.” The trial court noted that Aquatherm produced no authenticated document from

NSF certifying the AMB 16 recipe for use in the greenpipes.

The trial court concluded that Cohen and Aquatherm deliberately withheld critical

information and that the County was substantially prejudiced. The trial court considered

several sanctions in its order—including default and the exclusion of witnesses. The

court ultimately decided to issue a jury instruction that told the jury it is an established

fact that AMB 16 was not certified by NSF and that pipes made with the AMB 16 recipe

were distributed throughout the KCCF in equal proportion to those with AMB 10. The

trial court also prohibited the defense from introducing evidence or argument that

critiqued the work done by the County’s experts.

The trial court also awarded the County its attorney fees and costs associated

with (1) having to address the NSF certification issue pretrial, (2) bringing the sanctions

motion, and (3) testing the greenpipes, including the deformulation testing. Finally, the

trial court sanctioned Cohen personally $18,000, which was $1,000 for each month the

information was withheld.

Aquatherm moved for reconsideration of the sanction order arguing that it timely

disclosed the ingredients of AMB 16 through its production of manufacturing record

documents for the masterbatches that were used to make the pipe. Aquatherm

asserted that the documents included references to AMB 16 and provided the ingredient

sheets for AMB 16.

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The trial court rejected Aquatherm’s arguments on reconsideration finding that

the documents produced in November 2019 were not manufacturing documents but

quality control documents. The court also found that the references to AMB 16 in that

document production were meaningless because the first recipe (AMB 10, which was

produced earlier) did not contain the words AMB. The court reasoned that references to

AMB 16 with different ingredients was not an adequate disclosure that a second formula

existed because Aquatherm put forth testimony in the Via6 litigation that there was only

one formula and told the County to rely on those depositions. The trial court concluded

that the sanctions remained.

B

On the second to last day of witness testimony, Höffer testified that Aquatherm

maintains samples of every masterbatch in part for purposes of defending itself in

litigation. During cross-examination, Höffer admitted that Aquatherm possessed

masterbatch materials related to the Aquatherm pipe that was installed at the KCCF.

His testimony further provided that Aquatherm had sample masterbatches for both AMB

10 and AMB 16, which they studied. He testified that he was unsure whether anyone

asked him to provide those materials in discovery.

Aquatherm did not produce any physical materials in discovery, despite the

following requests:

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 11: Produce all correspondence,
reports, electronic communications, notations, memoranda, and any other
documents of any nature that relate to quality control testing, analysis,
and/or investigation performed by you in connection with the Aquatherm
Pipe for the Project.

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REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 13: Produce copies of any and all
files, correspondence, notes, or other written or tangible materials,
including those stored by electronic medium, which refer to or relate to any
Aquatherm Pipe supplied by any entity for use in the Project, or any
subsequent repairs to the Project.

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 14: Produce copies of any and all
files, correspondence, notes, or other written or tangible materials,
including those stored by electronic medium, which refer to or relate to
Aquatherm GmbH’s role in producing, manufacturing, marketing,
distributing, and/or selling any Aquatherm Pipe for use in the Project.

REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 15: Produce copies of any and all
files, correspondence, notes, or other written or tangible materials,
including those stored by electronic medium, which refer to or relate to the
quality, longevity, compatibility, suitability, performance, and/or other
benefits or characteristics of the type of Aquatherm Pipe installed at the
Project.

The County moved for sanctions for Aquatherm’s failure to produce the sample

masterbatch resin related to the pipe installed at the KCCF. The County sought default

judgment as to the County’s claim against Aquatherm under the CPA. The County also

sought all its fees and costs related to its experts, which totaled $1.85 million. In

response, Aquatherm argued that the County never requested that Aquatherm search

for or produce masterbatch samples.

The trial court issued its second discovery sanctions order after the trial. The

court sanctioned Aquatherm $1.5 million and awarded attorney fees to the County for

bringing the motion. The court also imposed a $5,000 personal sanction against

Cohen.

C

Aquatherm contends that the County’s interrogatories were overly broad and are

“blockbuster interrogatories” that are disfavored by courts. Aquatherm argues that the

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County needed to specifically ask for the chemicals and formulations used in the jail.

Aquatherm also asserts that it was never requested to produce the samples of the

masterbatch. We disagree.

The scope of discovery is broad. Cedell v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Wash., 176

Wn.2d 686, 695, 295 P.3d 239 (2013). “The right to discovery is an integral part of the

right to access the courts embedded in our constitution.” Cedell, 176 Wn.2d at 695. As

our Supreme Court has explained:

Besides its constitutional cornerstone, there are practical reasons for
discovery. Earlier experiences with a “blindman’s bluff” approach to
litigation, where each side was required “literally to guess at what their
opponent would offer as evidence,” were unsatisfactory. Michael E.
Wolfson, Addressing the Adversarial Dilemma of Civil Discovery, 36 CLEV.
ST. L. REV. 17, 22 (1988). As modern day pretrial discovery has evolved,
it has contributed enormously to “a more fair, just, and efficient process.”
Id. at 20. Effective pretrial disclosure, so that each side knows what the
other side knows, has narrowed and clarified the disputed issues and
made early resolution possible. As importantly, early open discovery
exposed meritless and unsupported claims so they could be dismissed. It
is uncontroverted that early and broad disclosure promotes the efficient
and prompt resolution of meritorious claims and the efficient elimination of
meritless claims.

Cedell, 176 Wn.2d at 695 (quoting Lowy v. PeaceHealth, 174 Wn.2d 769, 777, 280 P.3d

1078 (2012)).

CR 26(g) requires that attorneys responding to requests certify that they have

read the response, and after reasonable inquiry, believe it is consistent with the

discovery rules. Whether an attorney made a reasonable inquiry is judged by an

objective standard. Wash. State Physicians Ins. Exch. & Ass’n v. Fisons Corp., 122

Wn.2d 299, 343, 858 P.2d 1054 (1993). “In determining whether an attorney has

complied with the rule, the court should consider all of the surrounding circumstances,

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the importance of the evidence to its proponent, and the ability of the opposing party to

formulate a response or to comply with the request.” Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 343.

Additionally, under CR 26(e)(2)(B), litigants have a duty to timely supplement discovery

responses when a response previously made is no longer true.

CR 37 allows a trial court to impose sanctions against a party who fails to comply

with a discovery order. “The purpose of sanctions orders are to deter, to punish, to

compensate[,] and to educate.” Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 356. We review a trial court’s

order of discovery sanctions for abuse of discretion. Barton v. Dep’t of Transp., 178

Wn.2d 193, 214-15, 308 P.3d 597 (2013). “‘[D]iscretionary determination[s] should not

be disturbed on appeal except on a clear showing of abuse of discretion, that is,

discretion manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, or for untenable

reasons.’” Burnet v. Spokane Ambulance, 131 Wn.2d 484, 494, 933 P.2d 1036 (1997)

(quoting Associated Mortg. Invs. v. G.P. Kent Constr. Co., 15 Wn. App. 223, 229, 548

P.2d 558 (1976)). “The abuse of discretion standard . . . recognizes that deference is

owed to the judicial actor who is ‘better positioned than another to decide the issue in

question.’” Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 339 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Cooter

& Gell v. Hartmax Corp., 469 U.S. 384, 403, 110 S. Ct. 2447 110 L. Ed. 2d 359 1990)).

In Fisons, the defendant drug company continually refused to produce

documents during discovery. 122 Wn.2d at 346. The plaintiff sought documents

relating to the defendant’s knowledge of the danger of the drug that allegedly harmed

the plaintiff. Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 347. The defendant drug company avoided

producing the documents by giving evasive and misleading responses in discovery.

Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 346. A few years into the litigation, an anonymous source sent

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two “smoking gun” documents to the plaintiff’s attorney, which proved the drug company

knew of the dangers of the drug at least four years before the plaintiff’s injury. Fisons,

122 Wn.2d at 336-37.

The defendant justified its nondisclosure by asserting that (1) it produced all

relevant documents, (2) it did not produce the two smoking gun documents because the

plaintiffs did not specifically ask for the documents, and (3) discovery is adversarial and

good lawyering required the responses made in the case. Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 352 -

1. Our Supreme Court rejected each argument. The court explained, in relevant part:

[T]he discovery rules do not require the drug company to produce only
what it agreed to produce or what it was ordered to produce. The rules
are clear that a party must fully answer all interrogatories and all requests
for production, unless a specific and clear objection is made. If the drug
company did not agree with the scope of production or did not want to
respond, then it was required to move for a protective order. In this case,
the documents requested were relevant. The drug company did not have
the option of determining what it would produce or answer, once discovery
requests were made.
....
. . . the drug company further attempts to justify its failure to produce the
smoking guns by saying that the requests were not specific enough.
Having read the record herein, we cannot perceive of any request that
could have been made to this drug company that would have produced
the smoking gun documents

Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 353-54.

The court also concluded that the discovery responses were misleading and

inconsistent with the spirit and purpose of the discovery rules. Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at

352. The court explained, “[t]he concept that a spirit of cooperation and forthrightness

during the discovery process is necessary for the proper functioning of modern trials.”

Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 352.

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Like the defendant in Fisons, Aquatherm asserts that the County’s requests were

not specific enough. But, in Fisons, there was likely no request that could have been

made which would have prompted Aquatherm to produce the documents. The County

specifically requested all documents and records relating to certifications, but

Aquatherm only broadly responded that all of its pipes were state of the art and met all

the applicable standards. As the trial court found, this response was evasive because

there was serious doubt that AMB 16 was certified for use in domestic water systems.

Additionally, the crux of the case dealt with the formulation of the pipes to determine the

cause of the failure. When Aquatherm learned that the pipes at the KCCF were

manufactured with a second recipe, it had a duty to supplement its responses and

inform the County. Finally, if Aquatherm did believe the requests were improper or

overly broad, then it should have sought a protection order—which it did not. See

Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 353-54.

Next, Aquatherm did not adequately disclose the second recipe in its production

in November 2019. As the trial court concluded, those thousands of pages of

documents were not manufacturing documents but quality control documents.

Additionally, the term “AMB” was meaningless at the time of the document production.

The first recipe initially produced did not refer to it as AMB 10 but rather as “confidential

recipe information.” Moreover, Aquatherm put forth testimony in the Via6 matter that

there was only one formula and directed the County to rely on the testimony from the

Via6 case—meaning the County relied on the testimony that there was only one

formula.

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We reject Aquatherm’s argument that the County did not ask for masterbatches

for the same reasons. There is no dispute that there were no tangible materials

produced. The County specifically requested any tangible materials related to quality

control, manufacturing, and the pipes installed at the KCCF. Höffer testified that

Aquatherm maintained masterbatch samples for quality control for at least 10 years.

These samples were directly responsive to the County’s requests, and Aquatherm

violated the discovery rules by not producing the samples. 4

For these reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it concluded

that Aquatherm violated discovery rules.

D

Aquatherm also argues that the trial court’s sanctions were unjustified and

unconstitutional.

CR 26(g) requires the court to impose sanctions once it has determined that a

party violated the rule, but the trial court has “wide latitude” to fashion appropriate

sanctions. Fisons, 122 Wn.2d at 355. Fisons provides principles to guide a trial court’s

decision:

First, the least severe sanction that will be adequate to serve the purpose
of the particular sanction should be imposed. The sanction must not be so
minimal, however, that it undermines the purpose of discovery. The
sanction should insure that the wrongdoer does not profit from the wrong.
The wrongdoer’s lack of intent to violate the rules and the other party’s

4 Aquatherm also argues that the trial court applied the wrong legal standard that amounted to an

independent duty of disclosure. We disagree. The legal system cannot succeed without full cooperation
of the parties, so courts have authority to use sanctions to deter unjustified and unexplained resistance to
discovery. Henderson v. Thompson, 200 Wn.2d 417, 441, 518 P.3d 1011 (2022). The trial court did not
require an independent duty of disclosure. Aquatherm was aware of the importance of the formulas and
the differing ingredients. Henderson, 200 Wn.2d at 443. Aquatherm’s conduct was inconsistent with the
discovery rules and was the precise type of conduct that Fisons disapproved.

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failure to mitigate may be considered by the trial court in fashioning
sanctions.

122 Wn.2d at 355-56.

CR 37(b) provides a nonexclusive list of possible sanctions, including

designating facts as established, striking claims or defenses, limiting or prohibiting

evidence, default, and contempt. To support more severe sanctions, the record must

clearly show: “(1) one party willfully or deliberately violated the discovery rules and

orders, (2) the opposing party was substantially prejudiced in its ability to prepare for

trial, and (3) the trial court explicitly considered whether a lesser sanction would have

sufficed.” Barton, 178 Wn.2d at 215. A Burnet analysis is required for remedies such

as dismissal, default, and exclusion of testimony—sanctions that may affect a party’s

ability to present its case—but a Burnet analysis is not required for monetary,

compensatory sanctions under CR 26(g) and CR 37(b)(2). Mayer v. Sto Indus., Inc.,

156 Wn.2d 677, 690, 132 P.3d 115 (2006).

1

Aquatherm asserts that the County failed to mitigate its damages and did not

meet its burden to prove it was substantially prejudiced. We disagree.

The test for prejudice looks to whether the opposing party was substantially

prejudiced in preparing for trial. Magaña v. Hyundai Motor Am., 167 Wn.2d 570, 589,

220 P.3d 191 (2009). When reviewing a court’s findings of prejudice, we do not

substitute our discretion for that of the trial court. Magaña, 167 Wn.2d at 590.

The trial court found that the County was substantially prejudiced in its ability to

prepare for trial because of the amount of time, energy, and money that was spent

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investigating the pipe failures while the second recipe was not disclosed. As

mentioned, the County conducted an in situ testing project of the pipes, on the belief

that there was only one recipe. The trial court added that the County was prejudiced by

investigating AMB 16’s certification with NSF and that it took time and attention away

from other issues in the case.

Aquatherm relies on Carroll v. Akebono Brake Corp., 22 Wn. App. 2d 845, 514

P.3d 720 (2022), for the proposition that the County failed to mitigate its damages. The

issue in that case was whether the plaintiff committed sanctionable discovery violations

when it did not disclose the existence of an autopsy report in a wrongful death case.

Carroll, 22 Wn. App. 2d at 887. The plaintiffs had testified in depositions that they were

unsure if there was an autopsy report. Carroll, 22 Wn. App. 2d at 889-90. This court

concluded that the defendants did not mitigate any prejudice resulting from the

testimony because it did not conduct further inquiry into whether any other family

members were aware of the autopsy report. Carroll, 22 Wn. App. 2d at 891-92.

Therefore, this court concluded that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing a

severe sanction because the defendants did not mitigate its prejudice. Carroll, 22 Wn.

App. 2d at 892.

Carroll is unpersuasive. Here, the majority of the prejudice suffered by the

County resulted from the random sampling it conducted in situ of the pipes. The County

conducted this analysis based on the belief that there was only one recipe. Accordingly,

the County could not test any of the pipes in situ with the AMB 16 formula to determine

whether there were other aspects that could have contributed to the failure of the pipe.

The County could not mitigate any prejudice at this point because the repiping project

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had been completed. Moreover, when the County attempted to first address the

nondisclosure of the second recipe, Cohen threatened CR 11 sanctions asserting that

the County’s claims were unfounded. Therefore, any delay in the County moving for

sanctions was because it continued to investigate the nondisclosure and certification

issue.

For those reasons, the trial court did not err in concluding that the County was

substantially prejudiced.

2

Aquatherm argues that it did not willfully withhold information. We disagree.

In Magaña, our Supreme Court held that where a party disregards a discovery

order without providing a reasonable excuse or justification, such disregard is willful.

167 Wn.2d at 584. But the court has clarified that “the willfulness prong would serve no

purpose ‘if willfulness follows necessarily from the violation of a discovery order.’”

Jones v. City of Seattle, 179 Wn.2d 322, 345, 314 P.3d 380 (2013) (quoting Blair v. Ta-

Seattle E. No. 176, 171 Wn.2d 342, 350 n.3, 254 P.3d 797 (2011)). But “[w]hen the

court finds intent to spoil or hide evidence . . . the more severe sanctions would be

appropriate.” Henderson, 200 Wn.2d at 445.

The trial court also made findings addressing willfulness. The trial court noted

that Cohen learned of the second recipe in late 2019 but did not take corrective action in

the Via6 case to inform counsel or the court that there may have been two recipes—

although it was a question in the Via6 case whether there had been two recipes. The

trial court found that the lack of action to correct or supplement the testimony in the Via6

case demonstrates that Aquatherm had something to hide. The trial court also found

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that Aquatherm gained a tactical advantage by not disclosing that some pipes were

made with a different recipe. And the court found it relevant that Cohen informed the

County in October 2020 that Aquatherm had produced all relevant documents, but this

answer was misleading because by this time Cohen knew of the existence of a second

recipe. Lastly, the court found that Aquatherm was seeking to weaponize its

nondisclosure by criticizing the work of the County’s experts during discovery.

Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that the violation was

willful. There was no justification for the nondisclosure. Additionally, the reasons

Aquatherm has stated for its nondisclosure have changed over time—from there were

not two recipes because they were functionally equivalent, to Aquatherm did produce

the recipe, to now on appeal that the interrogatories were overly broad and the County

did not specifically ask for the chemicals or masterbatches. Cohen also represented

Aquatherm, and all the related entities, and was personally aware of the existence of

the second recipe. The trial court was acting in its discretion in concluding that both

Cohen and Aquatherm willfully violated the discovery rules.

E

Aquatherm argues that the trial court’s issuance of jury instruction 5 was an

excessive sanction. We disagree.

The trial court issued the following instruction as a sanction:

For purposes of your deliberations, you are to accept the following facts as
being established as true:

1) Aquatherm greenpipe manufactured using the AMB 16 formulation was
not certified by NSF under any NSF standards, including NSF 14 and NSF
61.

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2) Aquatherm greenpipe manufactured using AMB 16 formulation was
distributed through the King County Correctional Facility in equal
proportion to Aquatherm greenpipe manufactured using the AMB 10
formulation and not contained only in the cold-water portions of the KCCF.

The “sanction should be proportional to the discovery violation and the

circumstances of the case.” Magaña, 167 Wn.2d at 590. CR 37(b)(2)(A) allows a trial

court to treat designated facts as established. But an adverse jury instruction is

appropriate only if the party’s failure to preserve or produce evidence was intentional or

in bad faith. Seattle Tunnel Partners v. Great Lakes Reinsurance (UK) PLC, 26 Wn.

App. 2d 319, 353, 527 P.3d 134 (2023).

Aquatherm argues that the instruction was a comment on the evidence. We

disagree. CR 37 allows the court to treat facts as established. A jury instruction stating

certain facts as established was appropriate because, as discussed above,

Aquatherm’s violation of the discovery rules was willful. This jury instruction was well

within the range of permissible sanctions. The trial court weighed the violation and

possible sanctions. Aquatherm does not cite to any cases where an adverse jury

instruction was a comment on the evidence. While the case law is relatively limited,

federal counterparts have held that establishment of facts as sanctions is appropriate.

See generally Ins. Corp. of Ireland, Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456

U.S. 694, 709, 102 S. Ct. 2099, 72 L. Ed. 2d 492 (1982) (holding that the sanction of

taking certain facts as established may be applied to support finding of personal

jurisdiction over defendant without violating due process); Hilao v. Est. of Marcos, 103

F.3d 762, 766 (9th Cir. 1996) (holding that the sanction of holding facts in a complaint

as established was proper); Chilcutt v. United States, 4 F.3d 1313, 1325 (5th Cir. 1993)

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(holding that the government’s failure to comply with discovery and deceit about its

noncompliance warranted sanction that plaintiff’s prima facie case for liability was

established).

The jury instruction was well within the permissible choices, and it was not as

severe as a default judgment or disqualification of counsel, which the trial court noted

would have also been appropriate. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in issuing

this sanction.

F

Aquatherm next asserts that the trial court’s $1.5 million sanction was

unconstitutionally severe. We disagree. 5

In its order for reconsideration, the trial court addressed Aquatherm’s argument

that the monetary sanction was unconstitutionally severe. First, the trial court rejected

the argument that the sanction was punitive in nature because (1) discovery sanctions

are not damages, and (2) the sanctions were compensatory in nature because they

were designed to compensate the County for having to go to trial on its WPLA and CPA

claims because if the court had known about the second violation it would have issued

default. The trial court also rejected Aquatherm’s argument that the sanction award

violated the Eighth Amendment excessive fine prohibition. The trial court reasoned that

a discovery sanction is not a fine for purposes of the Eighth Amendment, but even if it

was, it is not grossly disproportionate to its misconduct.

5 Aquatherm also asserts that the trial court’s award of attorney fees as sanctions was excessive.

But other than argue that the court issued multiple sanctions, it offers no authority or reviewable argument
in support of its claim.

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Aquatherm makes a similar argument on appeal: that the sanction was punitive

in nature and violated due process. We disagree. The second discovery violation

occurred on the second to last day of trial. At that point, there were not many sanctions

that the trial court could levy to “educate, deter, and compensate.” Fisons, 122 Wn.2d

at 356. The trial court exercised its discretion in imposing a monetary sanction that was

substantial enough to impact a large company like Aquatherm. Additionally, although a

Burnet analysis is not required for a pure monetary sanction, the trial court considered

other sanctions like a directed verdict, but the trial was nearly concluded. The monetary

sanction was well within the discretion of the trial court.

G

Cohen argues separately that she was sanctioned without due process because

the trial court did not notify counsel that it was considering sanctioning her personally.

We disagree.

In the first sanctions order, the trial court found that Cohen and Aquatherm

willfully violated the discovery rules. The court concluded:

[T]he Court also finds that a personal sanction against Ms. Cohen is
appropriate. Such a direct sanction will educate Ms. Cohen about the
perils of tinkering with the discovery process and intentionally secreting
information, will hopefully deter her from engaging in similar behavior in
the future, and will punish her for her actions. Ms. Cohen is ordered to
pay . . . $18,000 ($1,000 a month for each month she withheld critical
information) to the King County Bar Association.

On reconsideration, the trial court considered a declaration Cohen filed

explaining what she knew about the second recipe. Cohen noted in her declaration that

she learned of AMB 16 during a phone call with Dr. George and that Dr. George’s report

stated that some pipe in the KCCF was manufactured with an alternate stabilization

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system was sufficient disclosure. The trial court found that Cohen’s declaration was not

credible and even if it were, Cohen had an obligation to inform the County about the

second formula and the specific contents of the formula. Accordingly, the trial court

concluded that Cohen intentionally withheld information and upheld the $18,000

sanction.

For the second sanctions order, the trial court sanctioned Cohen $5,000

personally because she certified the answers to Aquatherm’s discovery responses in

violation of the certification requirement.

Cohen cites no authority for the contention that due process required the trial

court to notify counsel that it was considering personal sanctions. Even if the court was

required to notify Cohen that it was considering personal sanctions, the trial court still

reconsidered its order at the request of Cohen and considered her declaration.

Therefore, Cohen still had an opportunity to be heard following notice of the court’s

sanctions ruling.

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in personally sanctioning

Cohen.

IV

On August 4, 2023, over a month after the jury verdict, Aquatherm moved for

recusal of the trial judge for the remaining posttrial proceedings. Aquatherm argued that

a reasonable observer could have perceived bias favoring the County. The trial court

denied the motion to recuse and later denied reconsideration of that order. Aquatherm

also unsuccessfully moved under CR 59 for a new trial alleging that the trial court’s

treatment of defense counsel illustrated bias and partiality to the County.

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Aquatherm argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for recusal and

for a new trial under CR 59 because the trial court acted in a biased fashion.

Aquatherm’s attorney, Cohen, argues in a separate brief, joined by Aquatherm, that the

trial court exhibited gender bias toward her and the all-female defense team.

A

In her brief, Cohen cites to instances of exchanges with the trial court that

demonstrate gender bias. First, during argument on Aquatherm’s motion for

reconsideration of the first discovery sanctions order, Cohen sought to submit an ex

parte declaration:

THE COURT: . . . I wanted to discuss Ms. Cohen’s motion to file
something ex parte. So Ms. Cohen, you heard the Court’s questions
yesterday, you’ve had an opportunity to review the County’s submission.
What are your thoughts?
MS. COHEN: So your Honor, the County’s submission speaks entirely to
attorney/client privilege, which I don’t think is what’s at issue here. I think
the County is making assumptions about the kind of—
THE COURT: Why don’t you quit being coy and just get the point. What is
at issue here? What do you want me to say in this declaration? Make
some offer of proof because you want me to grant some fairly
extraordinary relief without telling me what it is you want to say.
MS. COHEN: I was just about to tell you.
THE COURT: Well, just get to the point.

Second, during a colloquy at the end of the same day the parties and the court

discussed a demonstrative exhibit proposed by Aquatherm.

THE COURT: . . . I heard something about a potential demonstrative that
might be pretty large, might not fit through the door?
MS. HSU: Your honor, with respect to the demonstrative, I know it will fit
through a door . . .
....
THE COURT: Is it a model?
MR. THOMSEN: That apparently is what it is.
THE COURT: Like Barbie Dream Jail or something?
MS. COHEN: Exactly right, your Honor.

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THE COURT: That’s interesting to see. But take a look at it, and if there
are any objections we’ll deal with it. Okay. All right. Anything else that
we want to address?

Cohen also cites a later colloquy outside the presence of the jury when one of

Aquatherm’s counsel asked the County’s counsel if they would stipulate that one of the

pipe formulas, AMB 10, was a safe product and the trial court interjected that it was a

“silly question.” Cohen also cites various times the court interrupted her or her team.

She cites one instance that is not transcribed in the record and states that there are

many other examples, but there are too many citations to provide. Cohen also provided

an audio appendix with excerpts from the trial that she asserts convey the trial court’s

bias.

B

“Due process, the appearance of fairness, and Canon 3(D)(1) of the Code of

Judicial Conduct require disqualification of a judge who is biased against a party or

whose impartiality may be reasonably questioned.” Wolfkill Feed and Fertilizer Corp. v.

Martin, 103 Wn. App. 836, 841, 14 P.3d 877 (2000). “[A] judicial proceeding is valid if a

reasonably prudent, disinterested observer would conclude that the parties received a

fair, impartial, and neutral hearing.” State v. Solis-Diaz, 187 Wn.2d 535, 540, 387 P.3d

703 (2017). We review a trial court’s decision whether to recuse for an abuse of

discretion. West v. Wash. Ass’n of County Officials, 162 Wn. App. 120, 137, 252 P.3d

406 (2011).

We begin with the presumption that a trial judge acted without bias or prejudice.

Tacoma S. Hosp., LLC v. Nat’l Gen. Ins. Co., 19 Wn. App. 2d 210, 218, 494 P.3d 450

(2021). To overcome this presumption, the party raising the challenge must provide

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specific facts establishing bias. Tacoma S. Hosp., 19 Wn. App. 2d. at 218. Generally,

judicial rulings alone do not demonstrate bias. West v. Wash. State Ass’n of Dist. &

Mun. Ct. Judges, 190 Wn. App. 931, 943, 361 P.3d 210 (2015) (citing In re Pers.

Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 692, 101 P.3d 1 (2004)).

Courts generally will conclude that the appearance of fairness doctrine is not

violated based on isolated comments or incidents. For example, in In re Disciplinary

Proceeding Against Haskell, 136 Wn.2d 300, 314-16, 962 P.2d 813 (1998), an attorney

argued on appeal that a hearing officer was biased because the officer “grill[ed]” one of

her witnesses about “false documents” and requested that the witness retrieve

accounting records to refresh her recollection. The Supreme Court held the comments

were not improper but even if they were

[the comments] were isolated incidents that took place in a lengthy
hearing and did not detract from the overall fairness of the proceeding
. . . [T]he hearing lasted nine days and it generated over 2,000 pages of
transcript. Although there may be instances where a single incident or
comment may be sufficient to lead a reasonably prudent person to believe
a proceeding is unfair, the two incidents that have been called to our
attention are not significant enough, when viewed in isolation or against
the whole record, to justify a new hearing. Malave-Felix v. Volvo Car
Corp., 946 F.2d 967, 973 (1st Cir. 1991) (“Charges of bias should not be
based on a few isolated comments, but rather on the record as a whole.”).

Haskell, 136 Wn.2d at 317. But cf. State v. Lemke, 7 Wn. App. 2d 23, 434 P.3d 551

(2018) (reversing the trial court when the trial judge used profane and disparaging

language to the defendant).

C

At the outset, we agree with Aquatherm and Cohen that calling counsel “coy,” a

question “silly,” or deriding a proposed exhibit by comparing it to a toy, is not

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appropriate conduct with any attorney or party. But, as in Haskell, the isolated incidents

cited took place during a lengthy six-week jury trial and in response to what the trial

court concluded were serious discovery violations. Moreover, during the course of the

lengthy contentious trial, the trial court also interrupted plaintiffs’ counsel who was male.

After reviewing the record as a whole, and the supplemental recording offered by

Cohen, we cannot conclude that Cohen and Aquatherm have met their burden to show

that the trial court exhibited gender bias to the extent it interfered with Aquatherm

receiving a fair trial. While isolated comments may have been inappropriate, in

reviewing the record as a whole, it is clear that it was a hotly contested trial and the trial

court was frustrated by Aquatherm’s discovery abuses. It appears more likely that the

comments demonstrated frustration and a rejection of Aquatherm’s legal argument and

not gender bias.

D

Aquatherm also points to other instances that it claims demonstrate the trial

court’s bias. For example, Aquatherm complains that the trial court considered

sanctions while the trial was ongoing. But Aquatherm did not request anything different,

and the trial court continued to notify parties that it was working on its ruling. Moreover,

a prior judge assigned to a pretrial conference explicitly instructed the County to file its

motion for discovery sanctions as a motion in limine before the trial judge and

Aquatherm did not object. Additionally, as the County notes, the trial court issued its

ruling over a week before Aquatherm began its case in chief, so it had time to alter its

trial strategy if needed.

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Aquatherm also asserts that the trial court improperly ruled on personal

jurisdiction after trial. But Aquatherm did not renew its objection to personal jurisdiction

until a month before trial. CR 12(d) permits courts to defer the determination of

personal jurisdiction until trial as follows:

(d) Preliminary Hearings. The defenses specifically enumerated (1)-(7) in
section (b) of this rule, whether made in a pleading or by motion, and the
motion for judgment mentioned in section (c) of this rule shall be heard
and determined before trial on application of any party, unless the court
orders that the hearing and determination thereof be deferred until the
trial.

(Emphasis added.) Accordingly, the trial court had authority to make the determination

during trial because the civil rule does not mandate that jurisdiction be determined

before trial. Because the testimony would have overlapped and Aquatherm was

amenable to deciding the issue during trial, this is not grounds for reversal.

Aquatherm points also to the trial court taking formal objections to jury

instructions after the verdict as evidence of bias. But the parties agreed to formally

object to jury instructions after the verdict, so this alleged trial irregularity is of no avail.

Even if it was error for the trial court to wait until after the case went to the jury, the error

was harmless because Aquatherm does not challenge any of the instructions on appeal.

Therefore, any trial irregularities either were acquiesced to by Aquatherm or did not

prejudice its ability to present its case.

Aquatherm further argues that the trial court exhibited bias by expressing

partiality to the County by interrupting counsel, advancing arguments that the County

did not present, issuing sanctions, and handling objections in a partisan manner. We

disagree. First, many of the instances cited by Aquatherm occurred outside the jury’s

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presence. Second, Aquatherm does not present argument on how any of the alleged

bias impacted the trial. In fact, the jury did not award the County all that it was asking

and found for Aquatherm on the breach of warranties claim. Third, the trial judge did

often interrupt counsel—but it interrupted both sides. Lastly, Aquatherm did not move

for recusal until long after the jury rendered its verdict, suggesting that it did not feel that

any alleged bias was affecting the trial while it was ongoing. State v. Blizzard, 195 Wn.

App. 717, 725-26, 381 P.3d 1241 (2016) (“Delaying a request for recusal until after the

judge has issued an adverse ruling is considered tactical and constitutes waiver.”).

Further, even if the jurors observed any hostile exchange between Aquatherm’s

attorneys and the trial judge, the following jury instruction cured any resulting prejudice:

One of my duties has been to rule on the admissibility of evidence. Do not
be concerned during your deliberations about the reasons for my rulings
on the evidence. If I have ruled that any evidence is inadmissible, or if I
have asked you to disregard any evidence, then you must not discuss that
evidence during your deliberations or consider it in reaching your verdict.

The law does not permit me to comment on the evidence in any way. I
would be commenting on the evidence if I indicated my personal opinion
about the value of testimony or other evidence. Although I have not
intentionally done so, if it appears to you that I have indicated my personal
opinion, either during trial or in giving these instructions, you must
disregard it entirely.
....
You may have heard objections made by the lawyers during trial. Each
party has the right to object to questions asked by another lawyer and may
have a duty to do so. These objections should not influence you. Do not
make any assumptions or draw any conclusions based on a lawyer’s
objections.

Therefore, any allegation that the jurors may have been influenced because of

objections or the judge’s comments, is unpersuasive. State v. Sivins, 138 Wn. App. 52,

61, 155 P.3d 982 (2007) (“[J]urors are presumed to follow the instruction of the court.”).

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Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied

Aquatherm’s postverdict motion to recuse and motion for a new trial.

V

The County asserts that it is entitled to its attorney fees and costs on appeal.

The County seeks fees under the CPA since the jury rendered a verdict in the County’s

favor for the CPA claim.

RAP 18.1(a) authorizes attorney fees on appeal if “applicable law grants to a

party the right to recover reasonable attorney fees or expenses on review.” A party

prevailing on appeal is entitled to “recover attorney fees authorized by statute, equitable

principles, or agreement between the parties.” Thompson v. Lennox, 151 Wn. App.

479, 484, 212 P.3d 597 (2009). If the fees are recoverable at trial, they are also

recoverable on appeal. Thompson, 151 Wn. App. at 484.

The trial court awarded reasonable attorney fees and costs as allowed under the

CPA. RCW 19.86.090. Because the County prevails in this appeal, subject to

compliance with RAP 18.1, we award attorney fees and costs to the County on appeal.

We affirm.

WE CONCUR:

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