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March 16, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

Dhaduk, V. v. Patel, B.

Superior Court of Pennsylvania

• Citations: None known
• Docket Number: 576 MDA 2025
• Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

• Judges: McLaughlin

• Opinion

• Authorities (7)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (22.7K)

• PDF

Combined Opinion

                        by McLaughlin

J-A28030-25

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

VITHALBHAI DHADUK, M.D. AND : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
RANJAN DHADUK, HIS WIFE : PENNSYLVANIA
:
Appellants :
:
:
v. :
:
: No. 576 MDA 2025
BHUPENDRA PATEL, M.D. :

Appeal from the Order Entered March 31, 2025
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County Civil Division at
No(s): 2024-05196

BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and LANE, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED: MARCH 16, 2026

Vithalbhai Dhaduk, M.D. (“Vithalbhai”) and his wife Ranjan Dhaduk

(together, “the Dhaduks”) appeal from the order sustaining preliminary

objections filed by Bhupendra Patel, M.D. The Dhaduks allege the trial court

erred in finding 73 P.S. § 2031, titled gaming contracts to be void, barred the

recovery of money they lent to Patel. We affirm.

The Dhaduks filed a complaint against Patel seeking to recover

$700,000 in gambling losses allegedly incurred at a Florida casino. The

Dhaduks allege that Vithalbhai and Patel frequently gambled together, that

Vithalbhai often agreed to play blackjack on Patel’s behalf, and that, when he

did, the parties agreed Patel would be responsible for any losses suffered.

Complaint, filed July 25, 2024, at ¶¶ 24, 33, 36-39. The Dhaduks claim Patel

did not reimburse them for two loans from time spent gambling in Florida—
J-A28030-25

$200,000 in chips that Vithalbhai purchased for Patel and $500,000 obtained

from Vithalbhai’s line of credit (collectively, “Florida Loan”). Id. at ¶¶ 44-50,

1. The Dhaduks had previously loaned Patel $300,000, after they “learned of

a large amount of debts Patel and his wife had” (“New Jersey Loan”). Id. at ¶

1. They allege that Patel signed a handwritten promissory note about six

months after the Florida Loan that listed the three debts and stated Patel

would pay $50,000 at that time and then $5,000 every month while he was

working. Id. at ¶¶ 52-54. The Dhaduks claim Patel made payments until he

had paid the New Jersey debt of $300,000 and then ceased payments. Id. at

¶ 57.

The Dhaduks asserted claims for breach of contract, promissory

estoppel, fraud, and unjust enrichment. Patel filed preliminary objections in

the nature of a demurrer. He claimed a Pennsylvania statute, 73 P.S. § 2031,

precluded recovery. The trial court sustained the preliminary objections and

dismissed the complaint. The Dhaduks appealed.

The Dhaduks raise the following issues:

(a) Whether the language of 73 P.S. § 2031 is clear and free
from all ambiguity, so as to preclude consideration of the
factors enumerated in the Pennsylvania Statutory
Construction Act, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921, to determine the
legislature’s intent behind 73 P.S. § 2031? (see Concise
Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, Issues 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14).

(b) Whether 73 P.S. § 2031 bars recovery by Dhaduk where
Patel’s fraudulent misrepresentations and inducements
caused Dhaduk to enter into the agreement and render
performance? (see Concise Statement of Errors Complained
of on Appeal, Issue 23).

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J-A28030-25

(c) Whether any exceptions apply to support Dhaduk’s
recovery of $700,000 owed to him by Patel, where Dhaduk
was unaware of 73 P.S. § 2031 and relied on Patel’s
misrepresentations as to the legality and enforceability of
their agreement? (see Concise Statement of Errors
Complained of on Appeal, Issue 24).

The Dhaduks’ Br. at 10 (suggested answers omitted).

The Dhaduks first claim the plain language and legislative history of

Section 2031 suggest the General Assembly did not intend the statute to apply

to loans made for gambling purposes such as the loans at issue. They claim

the statute only applies where the bookmaker or winner of a game seeks to

recover from a losing bettor. They note Section 2031 is derived from the

Statute of Anne, but claim the language differs from the Statute of Anne

because Section 2031 omits the provision in the Statute of Anne pertaining to

the repayment of money lent or advanced. They claim the omission means

the General Assembly did not intend for Section 2031 to apply to loans. The

Dhaduks maintain the plain language of the statute also supports their

interpretation because the statute focuses on whether the person lost. Here,

they maintain, the repayment obligation was not conditioned on whether Patel

won or lost. They further argue that the heading—"Gaming Contracts to Be

Void”—supports their interpretation because to loan money does not involve

a gamble or wager on the part of the lender.

The Dhaduks maintain that Pennsylvania courts have not interpreted

Section 2031 as prohibiting enforcement of loans made or used for funds for

gambling. They state that most courts that have found gambling agreements

unenforceable have done so because the debts arose from illegal activity, not

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J-A28030-25

based on the statute, and claim that where courts relied on Section 2031 the

money was owed between participants in the illegal activity.

Section 2031 provides:

If any person or persons shall lose any money or other
valuable thing, at or upon any match of cock-fighting,
bullet-playing, or horse-racing, or at or upon any game of
address, game of hazard, play or game whatsoever, the
person or persons who shall lose their money or other
valuable thing shall not be compelled to pay or make good
the same; and every contract, note, bill, bond, judgment,
mortgage, or other security or conveyance whatsoever,
given, granted, drawn or entered into for the security or
satisfaction of the same, or any part thereof, shall be utterly
void and of none effect.

73 P.S. § 2031.

“Section 2031 was enacted in April 1794 and derives its principle of law

from Section 1 of the Statute of Queen Anne, which was enacted in 1710 in

Great Britain.” Rounick v. Neducsin, 231 A.3d 994, 1001 n.7 (Pa.Super.

2020). The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has concluded that Section 2031

voids any agreements or notes involving gambling debts and renders them

unenforceable. See, e.g., Unger v. Boas, 13 Pa. 601, 602-603 (1850) (citing

the statute and determining that a negotiable note given for a gaming debt

while the borrower “was playing at a faro table” was void and unenforceable

even in the hands of an innocent holder for value). Recently, this Court applied

Section 2031 and concluded that “[a] Note . . . in which a portion of the

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outstanding principal was the result of satisfaction of a gambling debt is

unenforceable.”1 Rounick, 231 A.3d at 1002.

When Section 2031 was first adopted “gambling activities were

generally deemed illegal throughout the Commonwealth.” See Trial Ct. Op.,

filed Mar. 31, 2025, at 14; See, e.g., Harper v. Young, 3 A. 670, 671 (Pa.

---

1 As the trial court noted, other recent cases addressing Section 2031 have

addressed whether a judgment in another state can be enforced in
Pennsylvania:

Besides Rounick, the only recent case law discussing 73
P.S. § 2031 has addressed it in the context of the
enforcement of sister-state judgments transferred to
Pennsylvania based upon gambling debts incurred in other
jurisdictions, and those decisions predicated their rulings
upon the Full Faith and Credit clause in Article IV, Section 1
of the United States Constitution. See Greate Bay Hotel &
Casino, Inc, v, Saltzman, 415 Pa. Super. 408, 415, 609
A.2d 817, 820 (1992) (finding that a New Jersey default
judgment entered against a Pennsylvania resident in an
action to recover unpaid gambling debts was entitled to full
faith and credit in Pennsylvania, and stating that “[i]t follows
that the trial court in Pennsylvania could not refuse to
enforce the judgment obtained against [defendant] in New
Jersey merely because, by statute in Pennsylvania,
gambling contracts will not be enforced here.”); Desert
Palace, Inc, v. Weiss, 17 Pa. D. & C.4th 51, 52-53 (Alleg.
Co. 1992) (refusing to strike a foreign default judgment
entered against defendant for “failure to pay a Nevada
gambling debt owed by defendant to plaintiff,” and
concluding that “[a] state is required to give full faith and
credit to a money judgment rendered in a civil suit by
another state although the judgment violates the public
policy of the forum in which enforcement is sought.”), aff’d,
430 Pa. Super. 653, 630 A.2d 467 (1993), app. denied, 537
Pa. 650, 644 A.2d 735 (1994).

Trial Ct. Op., filed Mar. 31, 2025, at 13 n.1.

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J-A28030-25

1886). In July 2004, the General Assembly enacted the Pennsylvania Race

Horse Development and Gaming Act (the “Gaming Act”). 4 Pa.C.S. §§ 1101-

1. “The Gaming Act’s legislative scheme . . . establishe[d] the

Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, provide[d] for the issuance of slot

machine licenses, authorize[d] table games, and regulate[d] other

miscellaneous aspects of the gaming industry, such as labor hiring preferences

and liquor licenses.” Mount Airy #1, LLC v. Pa. Dep’t of Revenue, 154

A.3d 268, 279 (Pa. 2016); accord Greenwood Gaming & Entm’t, Inc, v.

Dep’t of Revenue, 306 A.3d 319, 330 (Pa. 2023) ( “The Gaming Act, which

followed the Lottery Law [72 P.S. §§ 3761-101 to 3761-2103] by more than

thirty years, permits types of games entirely distinct from those offered by

the Lottery; license holders are permitted to offer not only slot machine play,

but also a host of table games, which include roulette, baccarat, blackjack,

poker and craps, among others.”).

Section 1504 of the Gaming Act, entitled “Wagering on credit,” states

that “slot machine licensees shall not extend credit” and “shall not accept

credit cards, charge cards or debit cards” from a patron or player “so as to

enable the player to play slot machines.” 4 Pa.C.S. § 1504(a). When the

General Assembly amended the statute in January 2010, it created a statutory

exception to the credit prohibition by enacting Section 13A27, which provides:

Notwithstanding section 1504 (relating to wagering on
credit), a certificate holder may extend interest-free,
unsecured credit to patrons for the purpose of playing slot
machines or table games in accordance with this section;
however, a certificate holder shall not accept credit cards,

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J-A28030-25

charge cards or debit cards from a patron or player for the
exchange or purchase of chips, slot machine or table game
credits, or for an advance of coins or currency to be utilized
by a player to play slot machines or table games. No credit
card advance machine may be placed on the gaming floor.

4 Pa.C.S. § 13A27(a)(i). The statute defines “certificate holder” as “[a] slot

machine licensee that holds a table game operation certificate awarded by the

Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board in accordance with Chapter 13A (relating

to table games).” 4 Pa.C.S. § 1103.

In addition, Section 13A27(j) of the Gaming Act states that “[d]raws

against unsecured credit extended to patrons pursuant to this section which

become uncollectable may not be claimed by a certificate holder as a

deduction, credit or any other type of reduction or offset against any tax

imposed by this part or the act of March 4, 1971 (P.L. 6 No. 2), known as the

Tax Reform Code of 1971.” 4 Pa.C.S. § 13A27(j) (footnote omitted).

The trial court concluded that under the plain meaning of Section 2031,

the Dhaduks could not recover the money loaned to Patel. Trial Ct. Op. at 22.

The court noted that the Dhaduks claim Section 2031 only precluded the

collection of gambling debts or enforcement of contracts on gambling

obligations if the debt was for illegal gambling debt. Id. at 14. The court then

pointed out that when the statute was enacted over two centuries ago, all

gambling activities were illegal in Pennsylvania. Id. at 14-15. It stated that

when the General Assembly legalized some gambling, it prevented slot

machine licensees from extending credit or accepting credit cards. It pointed

out that when the General Assembly created an exception in 2010 allowing a

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J-A28030-25

“certificate holder” to extend interest-free, unsecured credit for the purpose

of playing slot machine or table games, it still precluded the use of credit

cards, charge cards or debit cards. Id. at 15-16. The court noted the exception

does not permit private individuals to extend credit to others for gambling

purposes. Id. at 16. The trial court pointed out that other states created

exceptions to statutes similar to Section 2031 for legal gambling, but

Pennsylvania did not. Id. at 16-18. It found the Gambling Act did not explicitly

or implicitly repeal Section 2031. Id. at 18. The court concluded that “the

clear language of 73 P.S. § 2031 states that a person who loses money in

gambling activities cannot be compelled to pay any resulting indebtedness,

and that any agreement for the payment or satisfaction of any gambling debt

is ‘utterly void.’” Id. at 22.

We agree with the trial court. Section 2031 precludes recovery for a

debt made for gambling purposes. The amendments to the Gaming Act

provided limited exceptions to this prohibition. The exceptions, however, are

not applicable to the debt at issue. The Dhaduks loaned Patel money and knew

when they did so that it was for gambling purposes. Section 2031 precludes

recovery of the debt.

In their second issue, the Dhaduks claim Section 2031 did not bar

recovery where Patel’s fraudulent misrepresentations and inducements

caused the Dhaduks to enter the agreement and render performance. They

argue Section 2031 does not bar a fraudulent inducement claim, arguing a

valid contract is not required for a fraudulent inducement claim. They claim

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J-A28030-25

Patel knew that the $300,000 loan made in New Jersey would be enforceable

and therefore repaid that loan, and knew that the $700,000 loan in Florida

was not enforceable, as Florida’s law is similar to Pennsylvania’s law. 2 He

maintains Patel promised to repay the $700,000 even though Patel did not

intend to repay the loan and knew it would be unenforceable.

The Dhaduks further claim that the Restatement (Second) of Contracts

§ 198, Restitution in Favor of Party Who is Excusably Ignorant or Is Not

Equally Wrong, and Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 180, Effect of

Excusable Ignorance, are exceptions. They maintain that these provisions

permit recovery based on a contract that is unenforceable because it violates

public policy. They argue Section 180 applies here because the Dhaduks did

not know Section 2031 prohibited gaming contracts and their ignorance was

justifiable because Pennsylvania now extends credit to patrons for purpose of

playing slot machines or table games. The Dhaduks also claim they have a

claim for restitution for performance Vithalbhai “rendered because he was not

equally in the wrong.” Dhaduks’ Br. at 38.

In their response to Patel’s preliminary objection that alleged that

Section 2031 barred the Dhaduks’ claims, the Dhaduks alleged that there was

no “illegal” gambling activity, claiming “there is nothing ‘illegal’ about two

highly educated, sophisticated doctors, lifelong friends, lawfully frequenting

casinos, where they each hold substantial lines of credit personally, playing in

---

2 See Trial Ct. Op. at 21-22.

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J-A28030-25

high stakes private rooms, and exchanging ‘loans’ and chips under their

repayment agreement.” Plaintiff’s Br. in Response to the Preliminary

Objections, filed Jan. 21, 2025, at 1-2. They claimed Section 2031 dealt with

illegal gambling activity and did not apply to the loan at issue because here

they were engaged in legal gambling. They pointed out that “legalized casino

gambling has evolved astronomically” since the General Assembly enacted

Section 2031 in 1794. Id. at 2.

After receiving the Rule 1925(b) statement, the court issued an opinion,

pointing out that in their Rule 1925(b) statement, the Dhaduks identified 24

issues. Supplemental Order Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), filed June 9, 2025,

at 1. It said, of the 24 issues, only three issues had been previously raised

and they related to one issue – the legalization of gambling constituted an

express or implied repeal or modification of Section 2031. Id. at 2. It

maintained the statement included many factual and legal allegations not

previously asserted. Id. at 2-4. It further said that even if Dhaduk had been

fraudulently induced to enter a contract, the contract was void. Id. at 4.

We conclude the Dhaduks waived their final two issues. They did not

make the argument regarding fraudulent inducement—that Patel knew the

loan allegedly made for New Jersey gambling debts would be enforceable and

the Florida loan would not be enforceable3—or their claim that Restatement

---

3 In the Complaint, in support of the fraudulent misrepresentation and
inducement claim, the Dhaduks alleged Patel “ma[d]e numerous intentional
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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Sections 180 or 198 applied to the causes of action. Rather, they raised these

claims for the first time in their Rule 1925(b) statement. Accordingly, they

waived the arguments. See Cabot Oil and Gas Corp. v. Speer, 241 A.3d

1191, 1196 (Pa.Super. 2020) (stating issues cannot be raised for the first time

in a Rule 1925(b) statement).

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 3/16/2026

---

and false misrepresentations of material facts to [the Dhaduks] as detailed
herein which induced [the Dhaduks] into making the [$300,000 loan and
Florida loan].” Complaint at ¶ 73. They alleged that Patel’s materially false
misrepresentations included “falsely promising [the Dhaduks] that they would
be repaid all sums, which material misrepresentations and inducements
caused [the Dhaduks] to continue to loan money to [Patel].” Id. at ¶ 74. They
claimed Patel made the “misrepresentations” with “knowledge . . . of their
falsity and/or in a reckless manner in conscience ignorance of whether said
representations were true or false.” Id. at ¶ 77.

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