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March 24, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

Prabhat Kumar Sinha v. Amit K. Jain, Personal Representative, etc.

Court of Appeals of Virginia

• Citations: None known
• Docket Number: 0054251
• Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

• Disposition: Trial court did not err sustaining demurrer and dismissing complaint to determine elective share of estate with prejudice; appellant failed to sufficiently plead his signature to premarital agreement and waiver procured involuntarily and agreements unconscionable

• Opinion

• Authorities (17)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (12.1K)

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Disposition

Trial court did not err sustaining demurrer and dismissing complaint to determine elective share of estate with prejudice; appellant failed to sufficiently plead his signature to premarital agreement and waiver procured involuntarily and agreements unconscionable

Combined Opinion

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Beales, Malveaux and Frucci
UNPUBLISHED

Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

PRABHAT KUMAR SINHA
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0054-25-1 JUDGE STEVEN C. FRUCCI
MARCH 24, 2026
AMIT K. JAIN, PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE,
ADMINISTRATOR AND EXECUTOR OF THE
ESTATE OF ACHLA KUMAR, ET AL.

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK
Everett A. Martin, Jr., Judge

Kevin E. Martingayle (Bischoff Martingayle, P.C., on briefs), for
appellant.

Amy L. Leone (SuAnne Hardee Bryant; Davis Law Group, P.C., on
brief), for appellee Amit K. Jain, Personal Representative,
Administrator and Executor of the Estate of Achla Kumar, and
Trustee of the Achla Kumar Revocable Living Trust dated
September 24, 1997.

Amy L. Leone (John P. O’Herron; Timothy A. Richard;
ThompsonMcMullan, P.C., on brief), for appellees St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital and Medecins Sans Frontieres U.S.A.,
Inc., d/b/a Doctors Without Borders, USA.

This appeal arises from Prabhat Kumar Sinha’s complaint to determine his elective share.

After the death of his wife, Achla Kumar, Sinha received a notice informing him that he was not a

beneficiary of Kumar’s estate, which was worth around $17 million. Sinha contends that the Circuit

Court of the City of Norfolk erred in sustaining Amit Jain’s demurrer and dismissing his complaint

with prejudice. For the following reasons, we affirm the ruling of the circuit court.

*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
BACKGROUND

On June 2, 2000, Kumar and Sinha were married, and they remained married without

separation until Kumar’s death on December 14, 2023. Before their marriage, on April 24, 2000,

Sinha and Kumar entered into a premarital agreement (the “Agreement”).1 In the Agreement,

among other things, the parties waived their right of an elective share and agreed that “each party

shall be free to make a Will or other Estate plan without any requirement of making a provision for

the other spouse.” In addition, the parties waived their right to seek disclosure of the other’s assets.

Specifically, both parties handwrote the following provision (hereinafter the “Waiver”):2

In considering our present circumstances, our independence, our
desire to live separately at the beginning of our marriage, our
continued separate professions & separate interests I am comfortable
with neither disclosing to my wife the entirety of my gross assets nor
seeking disclosure from her regarding her gross assets. I believe that
disclosure of our liabilities is sufficient.

After the death of Kumar, Sinha received a “Notice Regarding Estate” which notified him

that he was not a beneficiary of Kumar’s estate, which was worth around $17 million. Shortly after

receiving the “Notice Regarding Estate,” Sinha filed a notice of elective share, notice of claim for

homestead allowance, notice of claim for family allowance, and notice of claim for exempt property

allowance. Then, Sinha filed the present lawsuit to determine his elective share.

Amit Jain, the executor of the estate, demurred to Sinha’s complaint, and, after a hearing,

the circuit court sustained the demurrer and granted Sinha leave to file an amended complaint. In

addition to sustaining the demurrer, the circuit court entered an order allowing Doctors Without

1
Although dated April 22, 2000—when Sinha signed—Kumar did not sign the
Agreement until April 24, 2000.
2
The only differences in the waivers are the replacement of “wife” with “husband” and
the use of masculine pronouns in the place of feminine pronouns.
-2-
Borders, a beneficiary under Kumar’s will, to join the litigation as a party defendant. Following,

Sinha filed an amended complaint.

In the amended complaint, Sinha averred that the Agreement is void and unenforceable

pursuant to Code § 20-151 and that the Waiver within the Agreement is void and unenforceable

pursuant to Code § 64.2-308.14. Specifically, Sinha alleged that:

(1) he did not execute the Agreement voluntarily because he was “subjected to material
misrepresentations, fraud, duress, and undue influence”;

(2) the Agreement was unconscionable because he was “not provided a fair and reasonable
disclosure of [] Kumar’s property and financial obligations” and he did not “voluntarily and
expressly waive the right to a proper disclosure of [] Kumar’s property and financial
obligations”;

(3) the Agreement “is contradictory, internally inconsistent, ambiguous, incomplete, and fails to
demonstrate a meeting of the minds on all material terms”;

(4) the Agreement “sets forth demonstrably false statements”;

(5) his signature was “obtained by express and/or implied misrepresentations by [] Kumar as to
her approximate wealth, justifications for the Agreement, and intentions”; and,

(6) he did not have, and reasonably could not have had, and adequate knowledge of the property
or financial obligations of Kumar.

As to Kumar’s alleged material misrepresentations, fraud, imposition of duress, and undue

influence statements, Sinha alleged that: he was told by Kumar to “execute the Agreement

immediately as a condition of marriage”; Kumar stated the purpose of the Agreement “was to

protect Sinha and his children” from a prior marriage; Kumar did not disclose her “substantial

wealth”; Kumar, “through various statements, led him to believe that she did not have significant

wealth or assets”; during the marriage, Kumar “concealed” her substantial wealth and assets; Kumar

had “information about Sinha’s financial condition,” and, because she “knew that her financial

condition was vastly stronger and superior,” she “used her superior knowledge of the parties’

respective financial conditions” to take unfair advantage of Sinha; the parties did not discuss

-3-
consultation with legal counsel before signing the Agreement; and, since both Kumar and Sinha are

“Indian-American,” the concept of a premarital agreement “was entirely foreign to Sinha.”

As to Sinha’s contention that the Agreement is unconscionable because of the

“contradictions, ambiguities, incomplete portions and false statements,” he specifically alleged that:

“it is falsely stated that the ‘parties have freely and voluntarily made this Agreement with

competent, independent legal advice and with full knowledge of their rights’” because Sinha did not

execute the Agreement voluntarily, he did not have the benefit of legal advice, and he did not have

“full knowledge of [his] rights”; the Agreement states that each party had disclosed their liabilities

to each other, but no disclosure occurred; although he wrote in the Waiver he was “comfortable”

with the nondisclosure of assets, that statement was false; there is a reference to “property identified

on the attached schedules [that] is property acquired by each respective party prior to the marriage

and shall be deemed separate property” but no schedules were attached; and the parties agreed to

execute estate planning documents in the future so that the marital residence and other marital

property would go to the surviving spouse, but this was an “unenforceable agreement to agree, and

it never happened.”

In addition, Sinha averred that the Agreement was unconscionable because “there was a

gross disparity regarding the assets of the parties when the Agreement was signed.” Sinha also

contended that even if the Agreement was legally valid and binding, it was breached by Kumar by

failing to disclose assets and liabilities and failing to attach schedules to the Agreement. Jain and

Doctors Without Borders demurred to the amended complaint.

After a hearing on the demurrers, the circuit court sustained the demurrers and denied

Sinha’s request for further leave to amend, holding that it “would be futile.” Sinha appeals.

-4-
ANALYSIS

We review the circuit court’s ruling on a demurrer de novo. Givago Growth, LLC v. iTech

AG, LLC, 300 Va. 260, 264 (2021). In reviewing a circuit court’s decision on a demurrer, we

“accept as true all factual allegations expressly pleaded in the complaint” and interpret them “in the

light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Taylor v. Aids-Hilfe Koln e.V., 301 Va. 352, 357 (2022)

(quoting Coward v. Wellmont Health Sys., 295 Va. 351, 358 (2018)). We also accept any factual

allegations that “fairly can be viewed as impliedly alleged or reasonably inferred from the facts

[expressly] alleged.” Hooked Grp., LLC v. City of Chesapeake, 298 Va. 663, 667 (2020) (quoting

Welding, Inc. v. Bland Cnty. Serv. Auth., 261 Va. 218, 226 (2001)). “But we are not bound by the

pleader’s conclusions of law that are couched as facts.” Wright v. Graves, 78 Va. App. 777, 781

(2023). We also “disregard allegations that ‘are inherently impossible[] or contradicted by other

facts pleaded’ and reject ‘inferences [that] are strained, forced, or contrary to reason.’” New Age

Care, LLC v. Juran, 71 Va. App. 407, 429 (2020) (second alteration in original) (first quoting

Parker v. Carilion Clinic, 296 Va. 319, 330 (2018); and then quoting Parker, 296 Va. at 330 n.2).

“In ruling on the demurrers, this Court considers not only the pleadings, but also the documents

attached thereto.” Mansfield v. Bernabei, 284 Va. 116, 121 (2012). And “a court considering a

demurrer may ignore a party’s factual allegations contradicted by the terms of authentic,

unambiguous documents that properly are a part of the pleadings.” Ward's Equip., Inc. v. New

Holland N. Am., Inc., 254 Va. 379, 382 (1997).

Code § 20-151 states:

A. A premarital agreement is not enforceable if the person against
whom enforcement is sought proves that:

1. That person did not execute the agreement voluntarily; or

2. The agreement was unconscionable when it was executed
   and, before execution of the agreement, that person (i) was
   not provided a fair and reasonable disclosure of the
   -5-
   property or financial obligations of the other party; and (ii)
   did not voluntarily and expressly waive, in writing, any
   right to disclosure of the property or financial obligations
   of the other party beyond the disclosure provided.

B. Any issue of unconscionability of a premarital agreement shall be
decided by the court as a matter of law. Recitations in the
agreement shall create a prima facie presumption that they are
factually correct.

Code § 64.2-308.14(B) states that a “surviving spouse’s waiver is not enforceable if the

surviving spouse proves that”:

1. The waiver was not executed voluntarily; or

2. The waiver was unconscionable when it was executed and before
   execution of the waiver because:

a. A fair and reasonable disclosure of the property or
financial obligations of the decedent was not provided;

b. Any right to disclosure of the property or financial
obligations of the decedent beyond the disclosure
provided was not voluntarily and expressly waived, in
writing; and

c. The surviving spouse did not have, or reasonably could
not have had, an adequate knowledge of the property or
financial obligations of the decedent.

Whether Sinha voluntarily signed the Agreement and Waiver3

“Recitations in the agreement shall create a prima facie presumption that they are factually

correct.” Sims v. Sims, 55 Va. App. 340, 348 (2009) (quoting Code § 20-151(B)). The Agreement

states, under the subheading of “Voluntary Execution,” that “the parties acknowledge that they are

3
A finding that the right to disclosure was voluntarily waived defeats Sinha’s claim that
the Agreement and Waiver are unconscionable under Code §§ 20-151 and 64.2-308.14,
respectively. This is because a finding of unconscionability requires multiple factors to be met,
one of them (found in both code sections) being that any “right to disclosure of the property or
financial obligations” of the other party was not “voluntarily” waived. Thus, if we find that
Sinha voluntarily signed the Waiver, then we cannot find that the Agreement and Waiver are
unconscionable under Code §§ 20-151 and 64.2-308.14.
-6-
entering into this Agreement freely and voluntarily, that they are represented by competent legal

counsel (and have the right to separate counsel).” Accordingly, the presumption is that Sinha

voluntarily signed the Agreement and Waiver.

“As we have concluded in another context, ‘[t]he term “voluntary” connotes

“[u]nconstrained by interference; unimpelled by another’s influence; spontaneous; . . . [r]esulting

from free choice.”’” Chaplain v. Chaplain, No. 1301-10-1, slip op. at 9 (Va. Ct. App. Jan. 18,

2011)4 (alterations in original) (quoting Shuler v. Va. Emp. Comm’n, 9 Va. App. 147, 150-51

(1989)).

“Factors relevant to assessing whether a prospective spouse’s execution of a premarital

agreement was voluntary include”:

“the coercion that may arise from the proximity of the execution of
the agreement to the wedding, or from surprise in the presentation of
the agreement; the presence or absence of independent counsel or of
an opportunity to consult independent counsel; inequality of
bargaining power—in some cases indicated by the relative age and
sophistication of the parties; whether there was full disclosure of
assets; and the parties’ understanding of the rights being waived
under the agreement or at least their awareness of the intent of the
agreement.”

Id. (quoting In re Marriage of Bonds, 5 P.3d 815, 823 (Cal. 2000)).

Duress may exist whether or not the threat is sufficient to overcome
the mind of a man of ordinary courage, it being sufficient to
constitute duress that one party to the transaction is prevented from
exercising his free will by reason of threats made by the other and
that the contract is obtained by reason of such fact. Unless these
elements are present, however, duress does not exist. . . . Authorities
are in accord that the threatened act must be wrongful to constitute
duress.

4
“Although not binding precedent, unpublished opinions can be cited and considered for
their persuasive value.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 375, 382 n.2 (2019) (quoting Otey
v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 346, 350 n.3 (2012)).
-7-
Wills v. Wills, 72 Va. App. 743, 765 (2021) (alteration in original) (quoting Pelfrey v. Pelfrey, 25

Va. App. 239, 246 (1997)). “Duress exists when a defendant commits a wrongful act sufficient to

prevent a plaintiff from exercising his free will, thereby coercing the plaintiff’s consent.” Id.

(quoting Goode v. Burke Town Plaza, Inc., 246 Va. 407, 411 (1993)).

A. Duress

Sinha alleges that Kumar presented him with the Agreement around six weeks before the

wedding and that he was to “execute the Agreement immediately as a condition of marriage.”

Consequently, he claims it was because of this duress that he was coerced into signing the

Agreement.

In Remillard v. Remillard, No. 1063-21-2 (Va. Ct. App. Sept. 6, 2022), the husband “waited

until the last moment—the afternoon before their wedding day—to present wife with the

Agreement . . . and provid[ed] no time for her to consult an attorney.” Id., slip op. at 6. Further, the

Court found that “this all took place after wife, going on husband’s assurances that he would take

care of her, sold her home and left her career . . . and had become dependent on husband . . . for her

livelihood.” Id., slip op. at 7. Thus, these “overreaching or oppressive influences” were at play

when the wife signed the agreement, and the Court found the agreement to be unconscionable. Id.

(quoting Chaplain v. Chaplain, 54 Va. App. 762, 774 (2009)).

In Chaplain, the Court found that the “evidence of unconscionability is ample.” 54

Va. App. at 774. In addition to a gross disparity of assets, the Court found that the

unconscionability of the premarital agreement was rooted in the “inequities and oppressive

circumstances surrounding the execution of the agreement.” Id. at 775. In testifying to the

oppressive circumstances, wife stated that: she “had limited knowledge of English, that she did not

and could not read it”; the agreement was “handed to her in husband’s attorney’s office, opened to

-8-
the signature page”; husband “represented the agreement to be a “marriage paper”;5 and, “husband

did not provide a copy of the agreement to her for her review or for her attorney to review, either

before or after she signed it.” Id. at 774-75. Ultimately, the Court held that wife established a prima

facie case that the premarital agreement was unconscionable. Id. at 776.

In Wills, the wife argued that the circuit court erred in “failing to find ‘that she signed the

Agreement involuntarily under legal duress.’” 72 Va. App. at 764. Specifically, the wife argued

that she was coerced into signing the postnuptial agreement based on husband’s “threat to divorce

her.” Id. at 765. In addition, the wife had testified that husband had started “showing violent

behavior” and that he “moved out of the marital bedroom.” Id. at 751. However, the Court held

that “wife was not ‘prevented from exercising [her] free will by reason of’ husband’s statements -

and that the Postnuptial Agreement was not ‘obtained by reason of such’ statements.” Id. at 766

(alteration in original) (quoting Pelfrey, 25 Va. App. at 246).

The facts here are inapposite to cases where courts have held a premarital agreement to be

involuntary or unconscionable. First, the presumption is that the parties did have legal counsel, and,

although Sinha alleges that he did not consult with legal counsel before signing the Agreement, one

of the factors in determining voluntariness is “the presence or absence of independent counsel or of

an opportunity to consult independent counsel.” Chaplain, slip op. at 9 (emphasis added). Second,

even if Sinha did not have legal counsel, contrary to what he stated multiple times in the Agreement,

he had roughly six weeks prior to the wedding to seek legal advice. In Remillard, the parties were

in a different country, the day before the wedding, when they signed the premarital agreement.

Under those facts, the husband “provid[ed] no time for her to consult an attorney.” Slip op. at 7.

Here, Kumar did not impose such an “overreaching or oppressive influence.” Id. Sinha had six

5
Specifically, wife testified that she thought that she was signing a “paper for
marriage . . . like [a] license or something.” Chaplain, 54 Va. App. at 771 (alterations in
original).
-9-
weeks to consult with an attorney and “the fact that [he] may have failed to seek independent legal

advice does not negate [his] opportunity to do so.” Black v. Powers, 48 Va. App. 113, 141 (2006).

Moreover, Sinha handwrote his waiver of the disclosure of Kumar’s assets, further supporting the

point that he was aware of the rights he was waiving.

Accordingly, as a matter of law, Sinha failed to sufficiently plead that six weeks prior to the

wedding was so close that he lacked the opportunity to consult with legal counsel and, therefore,

failed to sufficiently plead that his will was overborne and his signature was procured involuntarily,

to-wit: that he was under duress to an extent that he was prevented from “exercising his free will.”6

Wills, 72 Va. App. at 765 (quoting Goode, 246 Va. at 411). Therefore, his signing of the

Agreement and Waiver was not involuntary, and thus not unconscionable under Code §§ 20-151

and 64.2-308.14(B).7

B. Fraud in the Inducement

Sinha also alleges that he was fraudulently induced into signing the Agreement and attached

Waiver because Kumar, “through various statements, led him to believe that she did not have

significant wealth or assets.” Again, because he stated in the Agreement that he did in fact sign

voluntarily, the presumption is that he was not fraudulently induced into signing.

“Fraud, since it must be clearly proved, must be distinctly alleged.” Sweely Holdings, LLC

v. SunTrust Bank, 296 Va. 367, 382 (2018) (quoting Welfley v. Shenandoah Iron, Lumber, Mining

6
Further, based on the time and place that the Agreement was notarized, it appears that
Sinha and Kumar did not sign the Agreement the same day, nor even in the same state. Sinha
signed the Agreement on April 22, 2000, in Maryland, and Kumar signed on April 24, 2000, in
Virginia Beach, Virginia.
7
In addition, we are unpersuaded by Sinha’s allegation that being “Indian-American”
was an oppressive factor making his signature involuntary. Although Sinha alleges that “as an
Indian American” the concept of a premarital agreement was “entirely foreign to him,” there is
no allegation that he was unable to read the agreement, unlike the facts in Chaplain where the
wife stated she could not read English and she “relied on translators for oral and written
communication in English.” 54 Va. App. at 771.
- 10 -
& Mfg. Co., 83 Va. 768, 771 (1887)). As such, “allegations of fraud in a complaint ‘must show,

specifically and in detail,’ all elements of the cause of action at a level which, if believed, would

qualify as clear and convincing proof.” Id. (quoting Southall v. Farish, 85 Va. 403, 410 (1888)).

“Generalized, nonspecific allegations . . . are insufficient to state a valid claim of fraud.” Id.

(alteration in original) (quoting Ward's Equip., 254 Va. at 385). Courts are tasked with asking,

assuming the evidentiary allegations are true, whether “a reasonable jury could find them sufficient

to justify the plaintiff’s reliance under a clear-and-convincing standard of proof.” Id. And

“[v]iewing the pleadings through this lens, a court must engage in the same analysis when

considering a demurrer to a fraud claim.” Id.

Sinha does not allege what Kumar’s statements were or when they were made. Moreover,

Sinha does not even allege that Kumar lied about her wealth or amount of assets, but instead,

vaguely, “through various statements, [she] led him to believe that she did not have significant

wealth or assets.” As a matter of law, this “[g]eneralized, nonspecific allegation[] . . . [is]

insufficient to state a valid claim of fraud.” Sweely Holdings, 296 Va. at 382 (third alteration in

original) (quoting Ward's Equip., 254 Va. at 385). Sinha’s allegation that he was fraudulently

induced into signing the Agreement does not “show specifically and in detail” the fraud that “would

qualify as clear and convincing proof.” Id. (quoting Southall, 85 Va. at 410).

Accordingly, even combining the allegations of duress and fraud in the inducement, Sinha,

as a matter of law, failed to sufficiently plead that “oppressive circumstances” overcame his will and

• 11 - caused him to sign the Agreement, including the Waiver.8 As such, his signing of the Agreement

and Waiver was voluntary, and not unconscionable under Code §§ 20-151 and 64.2-308.14(B).

Although Sinha obviously regrets signing the Agreement, “courts cannot relieve one of the

consequences of a contract merely because it was unwise.” Rogers v. Yourshaw, 18 Va. App. 816,

823 (1994) (quoting Derby v. Derby, 8 Va. App. 19, 30 (1989)). Therefore, the circuit court did not

err in sustaining the demurrers and dismissing the case with prejudice.9

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

Affirmed.

8
In addition, Sinha’s other allegations of misrepresentations, fraud, duress, and undue
influence are unavailing. The allegation that Kumar “concealed” her substantial wealth and
assets during the marriage is irrelevant to what induced Sinha into signing the Agreement. And
the allegation that Kumar “used her superior knowledge of the parties’ respective financial
conditions” to take unfair advantage of Sinha lacks sufficient detail and ignores the fact that
Sinha would have had the opportunity to learn of Kumar’s financial condition if he chose not to
waive that right.
9
On appeal, Sinha does not argue that leave to amend should have been granted. Thus,
we need not address whether the circuit court abused its discretion in denying Sinha leave to
amend for a second time.
- 12 -