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March 11, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

State v. Toleque

Ohio Court of Appeals

• Citations: 2026 Ohio 820
• Docket Number: 25CA-A-05-0039

• Judges: Gormley

• Opinion

• Authorities (23)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (16.6K)

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Syllabus

The trial court properly admitted some trial testimony under the excited-utterance hearsay exception, properly declined to merge kidnapping and murder charges, and properly imposed prison terms for two firearm specifications in accordance with R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g).

Combined Opinion

[Cite as State v. Toleque, 2026-Ohio-820.]

COURT OF APPEALS
DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO, Case No. 25CA-A-05-0039

Plaintiff - Appellee Opinion & Judgment Entry

-vs- Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas
of Delaware County,
BRANDON MICHAEL TOLEQUE, Case No. 23CR-I-11-0675

Defendant - Appellant Judgment: Affirmed

Date of Judgment: March 11, 2026

BEFORE: Craig R. Baldwin, Robert G. Montgomery, and David M. Gormley, Judges

APPEARANCES: Melissa A. Schiffel (Delaware County Prosecuting Attorney) &
Katheryn L. Munger (Assistant Prosecuting Attorney), Delaware, Ohio, for Plaintiff-
Appellee; April F. Campbell, Dublin, Ohio, for Defendant-Appellant.

Gormley, J.

{¶1} Defendant Brandon Toleque challenges his murder, kidnapping, and rape

convictions following a jury trial in Delaware County. He raises several assignments of

error, disputing the trial court’s admission of certain testimony, questioning that court’s

failure to merge the murder and kidnapping convictions, challenging the imposition of

prison terms on two rather than just one firearm specification, and calling into question

the sufficiency and weight of the evidence. Finding no error in the trial court’s handling

of these issues and no lack of evidence supporting the jury’s verdicts, we affirm.

The Key Facts

{¶2} On an evening when Toleque brought two friends (or at least

acquaintances) of his — S.G. (a woman) and A.R. (her boyfriend) — to his Delaware
County home, those two guests began arguing. The argument escalated, and A.R. struck

S.G. while Toleque was upstairs. Later that evening — after S.G. had joined Toleque

upstairs — A.R., too, began coming up the stairs. Toleque then ran down the stairs and

shot A.R. in the torso with a semi-automatic pistol. A.R. collapsed near the bottom of the

stairs. (Trial testimony indicated that A.R. was at least badly injured by the shot but

perhaps did not die immediately. He had succumbed to his wound by the time law-

enforcement officers arrived at the home roughly six hours after the shooting.)

{¶3} After he shot A.R., Toleque told S.G. to shut up or he would kill her too. He

pointed the handgun at her and instructed her to go upstairs and put on a pair of his

shorts. S.G. did as she was told, and she saw Toleque drag the fatally injured A.R. away

from the front door. S.G. then left with Toleque in his vehicle, leaving behind her phone,

wallet, shoes, and shirt. When asked at trial why she left, S.G. told jurors that she had

no choice in the matter.

{¶4} Video footage from a home-security camera at Toleque’s residence

recorded S.G.’s departure from the home. A detective who later reviewed that footage

testified at the trial that S.G. appeared to him to be scared as she left the home, and he

explained that he saw in the video no coat, no shirt, no phone, no wallet, and no shoes

with S.G.

{¶5} Once Toleque and S.G. were in Toleque’s vehicle, he drove the two of them

westward from Delaware County. They stopped at a gas station and then at a McDonald’s

parking lot in Bellefontaine, Ohio. There, Toleque made S.G. perform oral sex on him in

the backseat of the car and then vaginal intercourse. They then drove to a dark residential

street nearby where Toleque engaged in vaginal intercourse with S.G. a second time.
{¶6} S.G. testified at Toleque’s trial that these acts were not consensual. When

asked why she participated, she said that Toleque had threatened her life, and she was

scared. At each stop along the route, S.G. stayed in the car because — according to her

trial testimony — she was terrified and believed that Toleque still had a weapon.

{¶7} Eventually, Toleque and S.G. reached Indiana, where a local law-

enforcement officer signaled to Toleque to stop his vehicle after that officer saw the

vehicle speeding. When Toleque kept driving without stopping, a 30-mile high-speed

pursuit ensued, with Toleque’s vehicle at times reaching speeds over 100 mph. During

the chase, multiple pursuing law-enforcement officers saw the passenger door of

Toleque’s vehicle swing open more than once. S.G. testified at the trial that she had been

trying to jump from the moving vehicle then and had grabbed the steering wheel in an

effort to prompt Toleque to stop. Roughly six hours after Toleque shot A.R. in Delaware

County, the high-speed pursuit in Indiana finally ended when Toleque ran out of gas.

{¶8} As law-enforcement officers swarmed around the stopped vehicle, both

Toleque and S.G. stepped out. As S.G. emerged, she screamed that her boyfriend had

been killed by Toleque. An Indiana police officer who was there that day told jurors that

S.G. was frantic and screaming, and he said that she clawed at his uniform and was

inconsolable. S.G. told officers that she had been held against her will, that someone

had been killed, and that she had been forced to have sex. She cried, screamed, and

flailed after she was seated in an officer’s vehicle that day. A nurse at a nearby hospital

where officers took S.G. then performed a sexual-assault examination and collected hair

and other biological evidence from her.
{¶9} Meanwhile, acting on information from Indiana officials, officers from the

Powell Police Department went to Toleque’s home in Delaware County. When they

entered, they found A.R.’s body on the home’s main floor. A handgun was on a kitchen

counter, and a second firearm was found on a bed upstairs.

{¶10} A ballistics analysis — the jurors were told — later confirmed that the firearm

on the bed was the firearm that had discharged the projectile recovered from A.R.’s body.

Trial testimony also indicated that DNA found on the grip of that gun was consistent with

Toleque’s own DNA, and a forensic scientist who examined semen and blood collected

from S.G.’s vaginal area and cervix during her sexual-assault examination in Indiana told

jurors that Toleque was a major contributor of the DNA in those fluids.

{¶11} Toleque himself testified at his trial, and he claimed that A.R. had attacked

him at the top of the stairs and had struck him in the head, prompting Toleque — he told

jurors — to shoot A.R. in self-defense. Toleque also testified that his sexual encounters

with S.G. during their westward car trip had been consensual.

{¶12} The jury found Toleque guilty on charges of murder, kidnapping, and rape,

and he was sentenced to a lengthy prison term. Toleque now appeals.

The Excited-Utterance Exception Applies to S.G.’s Out-of-Court Statements

{¶13} Toleque argues first that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing

Indiana law-enforcement officers to testify during the trial about statements they heard

S.G. make on the day of the high-speed car chase. The trial court’s decision to allow

those officers to recount for the jury the remarks S.G. made that day was grounded on

the hearsay rule’s excited-utterance exception. Toleque argues here, though, that the

roughly six-hour gap between the shooting in Delaware County and S.G.’s statements in
Indiana — together with her seemingly calm appearance on the security-camera video

recording that captured her departure with Toleque from the residence soon after the

shooting — should have prompted the trial judge to exclude S.G.’s hearsay statements.

{¶14} The admission of relevant evidence lies within the sound discretion of the

trial court. State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 180 (1987). An abuse of discretion has

occurred when the trial court’s decision was “unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable”

and was not “merely an error of law or judgment.” State v. Thompson, 2015-Ohio-92, ¶

18 (5th Dist.), citing Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). Out-of-court

statements that qualify as excited utterances are not excluded under the hearsay rule,

even when the declarant is available as a witness. Evid.R. 803(2); State v. Wallace, 37

Ohio St.3d 87, 88 (1988).

{¶15} An excited utterance is a statement about a startling event or condition

made while the declarant is under the stress of excitement caused by that event. Evid.R.

803(2). Ohio courts apply a four-part test when weighing whether the hearsay rule’s

excited-utterance exception applies to a person’s out-of-court statement: (1) a startling

event that produced nervous excitement in a person must have occurred, and that event

must have been sufficient to limit that person’s ability to reflect and deliberate before

speaking; (2) that person’s statement must have been made before the nervous

excitement lost its domination over his or her reflective faculties; (3) the statement must

relate to the startling occurrence or its circumstances; and (4) the declarant must have

had an opportunity to personally observe the matters asserted. State v. Jones, 2012-

Ohio-5677, ¶ 166.
{¶16} All four of those elements were met here. First, a series of startling

occurrences had no doubt occurred. S.G. had watched Toleque gun down her boyfriend,

and then she had had the gun pointed at her, was threatened with death, was driven from

Ohio to Indiana, and was compelled to engage multiple times in what she viewed as

nonconsensual sexual activity. A more startling series of events in the course of just a

few hours would be hard to conceive.

{¶17} Second, the evidence established that S.G.’s nervous excitement had not

subsided when she made the statements recounted by the Indiana officers who testified

at the trial. There is no set amount of time after which a statement can no longer qualify

as an excited utterance, and instead the central requirements are that (a) the statement

was made while the declarant remained under the stress of the startling event, and (b)

the statement was not the product of reflective thought. State v. Triplett, 2013-Ohio-3114,

¶ 27 (5th Dist.), citing State v. Taylor, 66 Ohio St.3d 295 (1993). “[I]t is only necessary

that the declarant still appeared nervous or distraught and that there was a reasonable

basis for continuing to be emotionally upset.” State v. Martin, 2016-Ohio-225, ¶ 58 (5th

Dist.).

{¶18} Here, even after the stop, S.G. was at times on the ground yelling

uncontrollably for help, crying so much that she could barely be understood, and curled

in a fetal position while screaming. At the roadside in Indiana, S.G. was not someone

who had regained her reflective faculties.

{¶19} Moreover, the events of that night unfolded in one continuous sequence.

S.G. had no opportunity to be free of the stress of witnessing a fatal shooting before the

alleged kidnapping and then the alleged rapes and then the dangerous high-speed chase
took place. S.G.’s chain of startling experiences was constant from the moment she

witnessed the shooting until Toleque’s vehicle came to a stop as the police closed in.

{¶20} Third, S.G.’s statements related directly to the startling events. She told

officers about being held against her will, about someone having been shot and killed,

and about being forced to engage in sexual activity. Her screaming and pleas for help

were directed at finding A.R. (or least revealing his fate), and her statements plainly

concerned the day’s startling occurrences.

{¶21} Fourth, S.G. personally observed the matters she described. She was an

eyewitness to the alleged murder, was the victim of the alleged kidnapping, and was the

victim of the alleged rape or rapes.

{¶22} The trial court reviewed the evidence, applied the correct legal standard,

and articulated its reasoning on the record. Its conclusion that S.G. remained under the

stress of the events when she made her statements was neither arbitrary, unreasonable,

nor unconscionable. The first assignment of error is overruled.

The Rape and Kidnapping Convictions Were Supported by Sufficient Evidence

{¶23} Next, we turn to Toleque’s argument that the State failed to present

sufficient evidence to support his conviction on the rape charge and on the kidnapping

charge.

Standard of Review

{¶24} “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court does

not ask whether the evidence should be believed but, rather, whether the evidence, ‘if

believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” State v. Pountney, 2018-Ohio-22, ¶ 19, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d
259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. “‘The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing

the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

State v. Howell, 2020-Ohio-174, ¶ 28 (5th Dist.), quoting Jenks at paragraph two of the

syllabus. A “verdict will not be disturbed unless the appellate court finds that reasonable

minds could not reach the conclusion reached by the trier-of-fact.” State v. Dennis, 79

Ohio St.3d 421, 430 (1997).

The Rape Charge

{¶25} Toleque contends that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to

sustain his rape conviction under R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) (sexual conduct involving a

defendant who purposely compels the alleged victim to submit by force or threat of force).

Toleque’s sufficiency argument focuses on two issues: first, an alleged failure on the

State’s part to establish venue in Delaware County, and second, a claim that no evidence

suggested that he purposely compelled S.G. to submit by force or threat of force. Neither

argument holds up.

{¶26} We turn first to venue. Undeniably, the alleged rape did not occur in

Delaware County. Both acts of sexual assault that S.G. described for the jury took place

as she and Toleque traveled from central Ohio toward Indiana: the first in a McDonald’s

parking lot near Bellefontaine (in Logan County) and the second on a nearby residential

street.

{¶27} R.C. 2901.12(H) provides that when an offender commits offenses in

different jurisdictions as part of a course of criminal conduct, the offender may be tried in

any jurisdiction in which one of those offenses or any element of those offenses took
place. The alleged murder occurred in Delaware County. The alleged kidnapping started

in Delaware County and then continued elsewhere. The alleged rape was committed as

part of the same chain of events as the kidnapping, involved the same victim as the

kidnapping, and occurred along Toleque’s line of travel as he distanced himself from the

site of the alleged murder. Consistent with R.C. 2901.12(H)’s broad course-of-conduct

language, the case was permissibly tried in Delaware County.

{¶28} As for the elements of the rape charge that Toleque says were lacking from

the State’s proof, we see evidence in the record both of sexual conduct and of purposeful

compulsion with force or threat of force.

{¶29} As to sexual conduct, S.G. testified to three separate acts of rape.

First, Toleque compelled S.G. to perform oral sex on him: “He made me put his penis in

my mouth,” she told jurors. He then engaged in vaginal intercourse with S.G. against her

will in the backseat of his vehicle. Finally, Toleque directed S.G. to bend over in the

vehicle’s front seat while he penetrated her vagina as he stood outside the vehicle and

ejaculated inside her without a condom.

{¶30} Toleque himself confirmed at trial that oral sex and vaginal intercourse had

occurred, and DNA analysis of S.G.’s rape kit confirmed Toleque as a major contributor

of sperm cells found in her vagina. The element of sexual conduct was amply established.

{¶31} As to force or threat of force, Toleque argues that any threat he made to kill

S.G. at the home in Delaware County was temporally disconnected from the sexual acts

in or near Bellefontaine, and he claims that nothing else he said or did can be construed

as evidence of force or the threat of force against S.G. We disagree.
{¶32} Force need not be overt and physically brutal. It may instead be subtle and

psychological, as long as the victim’s will was overcome by fear or duress. State v. Dye,

82 Ohio St.3d 323, 327–328 (1998). In other words, a defendant purposely compels

submission by force or threat of force when that defendant creates a belief in the mind of

another that physical force will be used if that other person does not submit. State v.

Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51 (1992), paragraph one of the syllabus.

{¶33} Here, Toleque’s use of force entailed more than a single or isolated verbal

threat. He engaged in a sustained course of terrorizing conduct. Toleque shot and killed

S.G.’s boyfriend in front of her. He pointed the gun at her and threatened to kill her. He

forced her to remove some of her own clothing and to put on shorts belonging to him. He

seized her phone. He drove her across state lines to unfamiliar locations while she had

no phone, no identification, no wallet, no shoes, and no shirt. She was isolated in an area

hundreds of miles from anyone she knew, alone with a man who had just killed someone

and who she believed still had a firearm. When asked at the trial whether she had

engaged in the sexual activity by choice, S.G. answered “no” unequivocally, explaining

that she was scared by his threat to her life.

{¶34} S.G.’s behavior during the high-speed car chase confirms the depth of her

fear. She tried to jump from a moving vehicle. She grabbed the steering wheel as the

vehicle’s speed hovered around 100 mph. She waved her arms out the window and

attempted to open her door. Minutes later, once in the safety of a police cruiser, she

screamed, cried, and flailed about. This was not the conduct of someone who had

recently engaged in consensual sex.
{¶35} As the jury saw on video recordings that captured the drama at the Indiana

roadside, S.G.’s extreme distress persisted hours after Toleque’s alleged threat to shoot

her at the house in Delaware County, and that extended and extreme anguish on her part

speaks to the physically violent and mentally agonizing circumstances that surrounded

the entire episode in general and the sexual activity in particular.

{¶36} Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we readily

conclude that a rational trier of fact could find that the State presented proof beyond a

reasonable doubt on each element of the rape charge. Toleque’s sufficiency challenge

to his rape conviction fails.

The Kidnapping Charge

{¶37} Toleque next argues that the State’s evidence was insufficient to support

his kidnapping conviction under R.C. 2905.01(A)(2), which prohibits a defendant from

using force, threat, or deception to remove another from the place where that person is

found or to restrain that person’s liberty for the purpose of facilitating the commission of

a felony or flight after such a crime. Toleque contends that S.G. voluntarily left the house

in Delaware County with him and was never restrained. The record belies this claim.

{¶38} S.G. testified that Toleque shot A.R., pointed a gun at her, and told her he

would kill her too. He made her go upstairs and change clothes. He took her phone.

She then left with him without her phone, wallet, shoes, or shirt. When asked why she

went, she stated that she had no choice because she was afraid for her life. A Powell

police detective who reviewed home-security video footage of S.G.’s departure testified

that she appeared to be scared and seemingly had no coat, no shirt, no phone, no wallet,
and no shoes. Common sense tells us that a young woman voluntarily embarking on a

multi-hour trip across state lines would have brought most if not all of these items.

{¶39} Then once in the vehicle, S.G. remained under Toleque’s control. She

testified at the trial that at each stop on the westward car trip, she remained in the vehicle

because she was terrified and believed that Toleque still had a weapon. She was in an

unfamiliar location with no means of contacting anyone. And when police finally

appeared, her reaction left no room for doubt: she tried to jump from the moving car,

grabbed the steering wheel as the vehicle moved at high speed, waved her arms, and hit

Toleque in an effort to make him stop. She testified that she was trying to indicate that

she wanted out, and yet even so, Toleque continued his high-speed flight from the

pursuing officers.

{¶40} The evidence here shows that S.G.’s journey from Delaware County to the

roadside in Indiana was a product of force and threats, and Toleque arguably took S.G.

with him to facilitate what he hoped would be his escape after committing a murder.

Toleque’s sufficiency challenge to his kidnapping conviction falls short.

Toleque’s Convictions Were Not Against the Manifest Weight of the Evidence

{¶41} Toleque argues next that his convictions on the rape charge, on the

kidnapping charge, and on the murder charge were against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

Standard of Review

{¶42} In determining whether a felony conviction was against the manifest weight

of the evidence, an appellate court acts as a thirteenth juror, and “after ‘reviewing the

entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility
of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must

be [reversed] and a new trial ordered.’” State v. Hane, 2025-Ohio-120, ¶ 20 (5th Dist.),

quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997). The reversal of a conviction

on manifest-weight grounds should occur only in “the ‘exceptional case in which the

evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Id.

{¶43} “Weight of the evidence concerns the inclination of the greater amount of

credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other.

It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden of proof will be entitled to

their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall find the greater amount

of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be established before them.”

Thompkins at 387 (emphasis in original) (quotations and citation omitted). “[A]n appellate

court will leave the issues of weight and credibility of the evidence to the factfinder, as

long as a rational basis exists in the record for its decision.” State v. Sheppard, 2025-

Ohio-161, ¶ 66 (5th Dist.).

The Rape Charge

{¶44} Toleque argues that his conviction for rape was against the manifest weight

of the evidence because, he says, the sexual activity was consensual.

{¶45} A trier of fact is free to believe all, some, or none of the testimony of each

witness, and a conviction may rest solely on the testimony of one witness. State v.

Penland, 2023-Ohio-806, ¶ 51 (8th Dist.).

{¶46} Here, the jury had ample reason to credit S.G.’s testimony over Toleque’s.

Her version of events was supported by DNA evidence, by her emotional state on video
recordings, by the home-security video footage showing her leaving the home without

shoes and other basic items, and by the testimony of police officers who interacted with

her.

{¶47} Toleque’s claim of consensual sex, by contrast, could reasonably have

been viewed by the jury as less believable. As the prosecutor established on cross-

examination of him, Toleque’s version of the story called for jurors to believe that after he

shot and killed S.G.’s boyfriend, after she left the house with no shirt, no shoes, no

identification, and no phone, and after he kept her in the vehicle for hours, S.G. consented

to — or, according to Toleque, initiated — unprotected sex with him while inside his car

in a residential neighborhood. The jury was free to reject this account and does not

appear to have been irrational in doing so.

{¶48} This is not the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily

against the conviction. The jury did not lose its way. The manifest weight of the evidence

supports the rape conviction.

The Kidnapping Charge

{¶49} For the same reasons, the kidnapping conviction was not against the

manifest weight of the evidence. S.G.’s testimony about the circumstances of her

departure — the death threat, the gun, the absence of her belongings, her fear, her

inability to escape — was consistent with available video recordings and other physical

evidence and was supported by the testimony of police officers and the detective. The

verdict indicates that the jury concluded that S.G. did not leave Toleque’s home voluntarily

and did not remain in his vehicle by choice, and that view of the evidence seems entirely

reasonable in light of the evidence. S.G.’s desperate efforts to escape the vehicle as the
police pursuit unfolded points to the involuntarily nature of her presence there. The

kidnapping conviction is supported by the evidence.

The Murder Charge

{¶50} Toleque argues that the manifest weight of the evidence shows that he shot

A.R. in self-defense. We find otherwise.

{¶51} Toleque testified that A.R. attacked him at the top of the stairs, striking

Toleque twice in the head, and Toleque said, too, that his discharge of the firearm

occurred while Toleque was at the same time blocking A.R. from striking him with a hard

object. Several features of the evidence, though, cast doubt on this account. First, no

hard object or other weapon was found at the top of the stairs or near A.R.’s body on the

first floor. Toleque’s explanation — that A.R. had on the stairs a gun that Toleque moved

to the kitchen and disassembled — could reasonably have struck the jury as implausible.

Second, the Powell police detective testified that he found “zero evidence” of self-

defense. No firearm was near the body, neither Toleque nor A.R. showed any signs of

having sustained significant injuries aside from A.R.’s fatal gunshot wound, and S.G. —

the only eyewitness — disputed Toleque’s claim that an altercation between the two men

occurred in the moments before the shooting. Third, Toleque admitted on cross-

examination that A.R. had never made any threatening statements toward him, and he

never testified that he feared for his life.

{¶52} Further, S.G. testified that Toleque ran down the stairs toward A.R. and shot

him without provocation before threatening to do the same to her. S.G.’s account was

consistent with the physical evidence — the location of the blood pool, the position of the
body, the absence of any weapon near A.R. — and with Toleque’s own conduct in the

aftermath.

{¶53} And Toleque’s post-shooting behavior was inconsistent with a credible

claim of self-defense. He tried to move A.R.’s body. He made phone calls to friends

rather than to police or emergency services. He took S.G.’s phone. He fled the state with

the only eyewitness. A person who had acted justifiably would have had no reason to

reposition the body, take away the eyewitness’s ability to communicate with others, and

flee the jurisdiction.

{¶54} This is not an exceptional case warranting reversal on manifest-weight

grounds. The evidence supports Toleque’s murder conviction.

The Trial Court Correctly Declined to Merge the Murder and Kidnapping Charges

{¶55} Toleque argues that the crimes of murder and kidnapping in this case were

allied offenses of similar import and should have been merged. In support of that view,

he points to the fact that the indictment alleged that he had committed the kidnapping “for

the purpose of facilitating the commission of . . . [m]urder . . . or flight thereafter.”

{¶56} We review a trial court’s merger determination with fresh eyes. State v.

Bailey, 2022-Ohio-4407, ¶ 6, citing State v. Williams, 2012-Ohio-5699, ¶ 1.

{¶57} Under R.C. 2941.25, when a defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more

allied offenses of similar import, the defendant may be convicted of only one. In

determining whether offenses merge, a court asks three questions: (1) whether the crimes

were dissimilar in import or significance, meaning did they involve separate victims or

separate and identifiable harm; (2) whether the offenses were committed separately; and

(3) whether the crimes were committed with separate animus or motivation. An
affirmative answer to any of these questions permits separate convictions and sentences.

State v. Ruff, 2015-Ohio-995, ¶ 24–26.

{¶58} All three questions are answered in the affirmative here.

{¶59} First, the offenses involved separate victims and separate harm. A.R. was

the murder victim, while S.G. was the kidnapping victim. A.R.’s fate was death, while

S.G. was forced to travel to Indiana and was compelled to participate in unwanted sexual

violence along the way. The harm for each victim was distinct, just as the elements for

the two crimes are distinct.

{¶60} Second, the offenses were committed separately. The primary inquiry for

determining whether kidnapping merges with another offense is whether the restraint or

movement of the victim is merely incidental to a separate underlying crime or whether it

has significance independent from the other offense. State v. Morrissey, 2021-Ohio-

4471, ¶ 35 (3d Dist.), citing State v. Logan, 60 Ohio St.2d 126, 135 (1979). Here, the

murder was complete before the kidnapping began. Toleque shot A.R., and A.R. died.

Toleque then removed S.G. from the house and drove her hundreds of miles. The

kidnapping was not incidental to the murder but was instead an independent criminal act

that subjected S.G. to a substantial increase in risk of harm wholly separate from the harm

A.R. suffered.

{¶61} Toleque argues that because the kidnapping charge was predicated on

facilitating flight from the murder, the two offenses are inextricably linked. But the fact

that one offense references another as an element does not automatically require merger.

The Ruff framework calls for an examination of the defendant’s conduct, not merely a

comparison of the statutory elements. State v. Smith, 2023-Ohio-866, ¶ 9 (6th Dist.),
citing Ruff at ¶ 30. Toleque’s conduct in shooting A.R. and his conduct in forcing S.G. to

travel with him for miles and miles were distinct acts separated by time, location, and

purpose.

{¶62} Third, the offenses were committed with separate animus. Where the

restraint of the victim is prolonged, the confinement secretive, or the movement

substantial, a separate animus exists for each offense. Morrissey at ¶ 35. The movement

here was extraordinary, spanning several hours and crossing state lines. The animus of

the murder was to kill A.R. The animus, it seems, of the kidnapping was at least in part

to prevent S.G. from reporting the murder and to facilitate Toleque’s flight from the

consequences of his initial crime.

{¶63} The kidnapping offense was not an allied crime with the act of murder, and

the trial court rightly declined to merge the two charges.

Toleque Was Properly Sentenced on Two Firearm Specifications

{¶64} Toleque, in his final assignment of error, challenges the trial court’s

imposition of prison terms on two firearm specifications rather than just one.

{¶65} One of the three-year firearm specifications in the case was appended to

the murder charge on which Toleque was convicted — the R.C. 2903.02(B) charge

discussed above — while the other three-year firearm specification was appended to an

additional murder charge that was presented to the jury. That second charge alleged, in

accordance with R.C. 2903.02(A), that Toleque had purposely caused A.R.’s death. The

jury found Toleque guilty on both murder charges, and jurors also found that the State

had proved each murder charge’s firearm specification beyond a reasonable doubt.
{¶66} When the trial judge sentenced Toleque, the judge of course merged the

two murder counts — there was, after all, just one murder victim — but the judge imposed

three-year consecutive prison terms for each of the two firearm specifications, including

the specification appended to the purposeful-killing murder charge that had been merged

with the R.C. 2903.02(B) murder charge.

{¶67} That imposition by the trial court of three-year sentences for two rather than

just one firearm specification was wrong, Toleque says, and he cites R.C.

2929.14(B)(1)(b), which directs trial judges to impose no more than “one prison term” for

firearm specifications appended to felony charges alleging offenses that are “committed

as part of the same act or transaction.”

{¶68} Yet R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(b), in setting that limit of “one prison term,” contains

these key words: “except as provided in division (B)(1)(g) of this section.” That latter

provision in turn tells us that if an offender is found guilty on two or more felony charges,

one or more of which is murder, and if that same offender is also convicted of firearm

specifications in connection with two or more of those felonies, the sentencing court must

impose prison terms “for each of the two most serious specifications.” R.C.

2929.14(B)(1)(g).

{¶69} As the Supreme Court of Ohio has noted, that statute “makes no exception

to the application of its provisions if one of the underlying felony offenses has been

merged.” State v. Bollar, 2022-Ohio-4370, ¶ 19. In Bollar, the Supreme Court, applying

the statute as it is written, affirmed the imposition of prison terms for two firearm

specifications in a case in which the criminal offenses to which those firearm

specifications were attached had been merged as allied offenses.
{¶70} Toleque nonetheless urges us to find that Bollar does not apply here

because the defendant in that case pled guilty, whereas Toleque was of course found

guilty by a jury. Noting that R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) applies when a defendant “is convicted

of” or pleads guilty to two or more specified felonies, Toleque contends that that phrase

cannot rightly be applied to the merged R.C. 2903.02(A) murder charge on which he was

found guilty but for which he was never sentenced and on which he was, therefore, in his

view, never “convicted.”

{¶71} Multiple Ohio appellate courts have rejected the kind of narrow reading of

“convicted” in R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) that Toleque presses here. See, e.g., State v.

Hodge, 2025-Ohio-4434, ¶ 130 (10th Dist.) (“We find unpersuasive appellant’s attempt to

distinguish Bollar on the basis that, unlike the defendant in Bollar, because he did not

plead, he cannot be ‘convicted’ when counts merge”) (quotations omitted); State v.

Cherry, 2024-Ohio-5344, ¶ 102 (2d Dist.) (holding that “the trial court properly imposed

prison terms for the two firearm specifications” and embracing the view that the term

“convicted” in R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) means “found guilty”); State v. Mingo, 2024-Ohio-

543, ¶ 52 (9th Dist.) (“Bollar does not only apply in cases where the defendant pleaded

guilty”).

{¶72} We agree with those appellate courts, particularly given that the Supreme

Court in Bollar found that the term “convicted” in R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g) should be read as

“found guilty.” Bollar at ¶ 16. For us, that settles the question, given that Toleque was

found guilty on both murder counts and on the firearm specifications appended to each

of those charges. Though the allied murder offenses merged, R.C. 2929.14(B)(1)(g)
required the trial judge to impose prison terms for both firearm specifications. Because

the trial judge adhered to the law, Toleque’s last assignment of error is overruled.

{¶73} For the reasons explained above, the judgment of the Court of Common

Pleas of Delaware County is affirmed. Any costs are to be paid by appellant Brandon

Toleque.

By: Gormley, P.J.;

Baldwin, J. and

Montgomery, J. concur.