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March 12, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

People v. Dunham CA1/5

California Court of Appeal

• Citations: None known
• Docket Number: A172041

• Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

• Opinion

• Authorities (5)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (15.4K)

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Combined Opinion

Filed 3/12/26 P. v. Dunham CA1/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

THE PEOPLE,
A172041
Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Del Norte County
Super. Ct. No. CRF22-9071)
LINDSEY BROOKE DUNHAM,
Defendant and Appellant.

Defendant Lindsey Brooke Dunham pled guilty to theft by a public
officer (Pen. Code, § 424, subd. (a))1 and was sentenced to two years in state
prison. The trial court ordered her to pay restitution to the insurer of her
public employer, the victim of her theft. Dunham appeals from that
restitution order, contending that the insurer is not a “direct victim” eligible
for restitution under section 1202.4. We agree and vacate the order.
BACKGROUND
Dunham was the accounts manager for Smith River Community
Services District (District), which “provides water service to approximately
twenty-two hundred residents.” For roughly 22 months, she stole cash
payments from those residents intended for the District. Dunham pled guilty
to theft by a public officer (§ 424, subd. (a)), and the trial court denied

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code.

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probation and sentenced her to two years in state prison.
At the restitution hearing, the District estimated that Dunham stole a
total of $86,909.67. Because the District’s insurer, Allied World Insurance
Company (Allied), had already reimbursed the District for $85,909.67 of those
losses—leaving the District responsible only for its $1,000 deductible—the
People asked the trial court to order Dunham to pay $1,000 to the District
and $85,909.67 to Allied. Dunham did not object to this request, and the
court issued two restitution orders: one ordering her to pay $1,000 to the
District (District restitution order) and one ordering her to pay $85,909.67 to
Allied (Allied restitution order).
After we granted her motion for leave to file a belated notice of appeal,
Dunham timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
Dunham does not challenge the District restitution order or the total
amount of restitution awarded by the trial court. Instead, she contends that
the Allied restitution order should be reversed solely because Allied was not a
“direct victim” of her crime as required by section 1202.4. (Id., subd. (k)(2).)
Reviewing that order for abuse of discretion (People v. Gomez (2023) 97
Cal.App.5th 111, 116), we agree.2
“[I]n every case in which a victim has suffered economic loss as a result
of the defendant’s conduct, the court shall require that the defendant make
restitution to the victim or victims in an amount established by court order,
based on the amount of loss claimed by the victim or victims or any other
showing to the court.” (§ 1202.4, subd. (f).) As relevant here, “victim”

2 Although Dunham did not object below to the award of restitution to

Allied, she raises a “purely legal issue that is not subject to the waiver rule.”
(People v. Percelle (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 164, 179.)
2
includes a “corporation . . . or any other legal or commercial entity when that
entity is a direct victim of a crime.” (§ 1202.4, subd. (k), italics added.) Thus,
“[o]nly the ‘direct victim’ of a crime is entitled to restitution from the
perpetrator of the offense.” (People v. Duong (2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1533,
1537 (Duong).)
In People v. Birkett (1999) 21 Cal.4th 226, 233 (Birkett),3 the California
Supreme Court defined “ ‘direct’ victims” as “the real and immediate objects
of the [defendant’s] offenses . . . .” It then concluded that “[i]nsurance
companies that suffered the consequences of crime only by reimbursing the
crime-related losses of their policyholders [do] not reasonably fit within this
definition.” (Ibid.) As a result, restitution may not “be awarded to insurers
that partially reimbursed the direct victims for their losses,” and trial courts
may not “divide the full amount of restitution between the victims and their
insurers.” (Duong, supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at p. 1537.)
Here, the People do not contend that Allied, as the District’s insurer,
falls within Birkett’s definition of a “direct victim.” Nor could they reasonably
do so. (See Birkett, supra, 21 Cal.4th at p. 245 [“an insurer did not become a
‘direct victim’ of crime, and thus entitled to restitution from the . . . offender,
by paying the crime-related losses of its insured under the terms of an
insurance policy”].) Instead, the People argue that allowing restitution to be
awarded to an insurer likes Allied “reduces harm to the government agency
and reduces costs to the agency’s insurance provider.” But our high court
already rejected similar arguments in Birkett, because “the policy choice the
Legislature made . . . was to grant only ‘direct’ crime victims . . . a right to

3 Although Birkett construed former section 1203.4, both parties agree

that it applies here. Our Courts of Appeal have also consistently applied
Birkett when construing section 1202.4. (See, e.g., Duong, supra, 180
Cal.App.4th at p. 1537; People v. Slattery (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1091, 1097.)
3
restitution” and “foreclose such entitlement [to] persons whose losses arose
only as a result of crimes committed against others.” (Id. at p. 243.)
Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion when it awarded
restitution to Allied. (See Duong, supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at p. 1537 [“ ‘a
restitution order “resting upon a ‘ “demonstrable error of law” ’ constitutes an
abuse of the court’s discretion” ’ ”].) Instead, the court should have awarded
the full restitution amount, including any amount awarded to Allied, to the
District, the direct victim of Dunham’s crime, notwithstanding any
reimbursement it already received from Allied. (See People v. Hove (1999) 76
Cal.App.4th 1266, 1272 [insurance payments to the victim do not allow the
“defendant to escape responsibility for the losses he caused”].) Because
Dunham does not contest the amount of restitution or the District’s
entitlement to that amount on appeal, we vacate the Allied restitution order
and remand the matter so the court can order full restitution to the correct
victim under section 1202.4. (See Duong, at p. 1540 [remanding so the trial
court can order restitution to the victim “for the amount that [the hospital]
will accept as full payment for the medical services [the victim] received at”
the hospital].)
DISPOSITION
The Allied restitution order is vacated and the matter is remanded for
entry of a new order consistent with this opinion.

CHOU, J.

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WE CONCUR:

SIMONS, ACTING P. J.

BURNS, J.

A172041/ People v. Dunham

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