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March 5, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

Borough of Spotswood v. Middlesex County Prosecutor's Office

New Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division

• Citations: None known
• Docket Number: A-3457-23

• Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

• Opinion

• Authorities (19)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (352)

• PDF

Combined Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3457-23

BOROUGH OF SPOTSWOOD,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

and

JACQUELINE PALMER,

Plaintiff/Intervenor-
Respondent,

v.

MIDDLESEX COUNTY
PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE,

Defendant-Respondent,

and

GANNETT SATELLITE
INFORMATION NETWORK,

Defendant/Intervenor-
Appellant/Cross-Respondent,

and

STEVEN WRONKO,
Defendant/Intervenor-
Respondent/Cross-Appellant.

Argued February 2, 2026 – Decided March 5, 2026

Before Judges Sabatino, Natali and Walcott-
Henderson.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Middlesex County, Docket No. L-0563-24.

CJ Griffin argued the cause for appellant/cross-
respondent Gannett Satellite Information Network
(Pashman Stein Walder Hayden, PC, attorneys; CJ
Griffin, on the briefs).

Christina N. Stripp argued the cause for
respondent/cross-appellant Steve Wronko (Cohn
Lifland Pearlman Herrmann & Knopf LLP, attorneys;
Walter M. Luers and Christina N. Stripp, on the briefs).

Kathryn V. Hatfield argued the cause for respondent
Borough of Spotswood (Hatfield Schwartz Law Group
LLC, attorneys; Kathryn V. Hatfield, of counsel and on
the brief; Kevin E. Hakansson, on the brief).

Matthew C. Moench argued the cause for respondent
Jacqueline Palmer (King Moench & Collins, LLP,
attorneys; Matthew C. Moench, on the brief).

Michael S. Williams, Deputy County Counsel, argued
the cause for respondent Middlesex County Prosecutor
(Thomas F. Kelso, Middlesex County Counsel,
attorney; Michael S. Williams, of counsel and on the
brief).

A-3457-23
2
Elizabeth Kern, Deputy Attorney General, argued the
cause for amicus curiae State of New Jersey (Jennifer
Davenport, Acting Attorney General, attorney; Sookie
Bae-Park, Raymond R. Chance, III, and Sara M.
Gregory, Assistant Attorneys General, of counsel;
Elizabeth Kern and John J. Lafferty, IV, Deputy
Attorney General, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

This public access case presents numerous legal issues concerning police

body-worn camera ("BWC") recordings. Among other things, we resolve under

the applicable statutes whether and when BWC recordings must be destroyed

because police officers did not verbally notify a person being filmed that such

recordings were being made.

Specifically, we must harmonize N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(r) ("subsection

(r)") of the Body Worn Camera Law ("BWCL")—which instructs that "[a]ny

recordings from a body worn camera recorded in contravention of this or any

other applicable law shall be immediately destroyed and shall not be admissible

as evidence in any criminal, civil, or administrative proceeding"—with N.J.S.A.

40A:14-118.5(d) of that statute ("subsection (d)")—which declares that "[t]he

failure to verbally notify a person pursuant to this section shall not affect the

admissibility of any statement or evidence."

A-3457-23
3
We also consider various other related legal issues posed under the

BWCL, N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.3 to .5, the Open Public Records Act ("OPRA"),

N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1 to -13, and the common law.

For the reasons that follow, we hold that the destruction provision in

subsection (r) must be sensibly construed to yield in certain situations to the

disclosure and evidential use contemplated by subsection (d). Because the trial

court reached a contrary legal conclusion and denied the requests of a newspaper

chain and a citizen for disclosure of BWC recordings that police officers had

filmed in a mayor's office, we reverse those grounds for denial. We also reverse

the trial court's determination that the BWC recordings, because they allegedly

were improperly made, were not "government records" covered under OPRA.

For the reasons we explain below, the Prosecutor's Office, as custodian of

the records, must re-evaluate to what extent discrete redactions from the BWC

recordings are warranted under the pertinent statutes, and also re-evaluate access

to any such redacted material under the common law. To assure consistency,

the trial court's redactions of related Internal Affairs ("IA") documents should

also be held in abeyance and re-evaluated.

A-3457-23
4
I.

Given that the appellate record is replete with information that is presently

subject to the trial court's unstayed decision prohibiting disclosures, we limit

our discussion of the facts and procedural history of this case.

The BWC Recordings and This Lawsuit

Briefly stated, on April 22 and 28, 2022, municipal police officers in

Spotswood recorded on BWCs certain conversations that occurred at the

Borough's offices involving respondent Jacqueline Palmer, who was then the

Mayor of Spotswood, while she was expressing concerns about a visitor who

was coming to and remaining in the offices.

Plaintiff Borough of Spotswood filed an order to show cause ("OTSC") in

the trial court, seeking to enjoin defendant Middlesex County Prosecutor 's

Office from releasing the BWC recordings.

The OTSC was opposed by intervenors Gannett Satellite Information

Network, LLC ("Gannett") and a citizen requestor, Steven Wronko. They

argued that disclosure of the BWC recordings is required under OPRA and the

BWCL, or, alternatively, under common-law principles of access.

After initially hearing the OTSC on a sealed basis in January and February

2024, the trial court thereafter issued an order on March 1, 2024, unsealing those

A-3457-23
5
previous oral arguments. No party filed an emergent application with this court

to stay or overturn that order of unsealing. 1

The trial court then proceeded to consider at ensuing proceedings the

merits of the statutory and common-law access issues. As part of the process,

the court undertook in camera review of the BWC footage. In addition, the court

permitted all counsel to have access to the BWC footage on an "eyes only" basis

that prevents them from divulging the contents to their clients or others.

The Trial Court's Final Order and Opinion

Ultimately on May 29, 2024, the trial court issued a final order and

opinion finding the BWC recordings of April 28, 2022 were not subject to

release under the pertinent statutes and common law, but releasing the April 22,

2022 recordings with redactions. The release of the April 22 recordings, as

redacted, is not contested on appeal.

Additionally, the trial court granted release of the IA file containing

reports from an investigation into certain police officers' conduct, which

included statements and detailed information regarding the BWC recordings,

subject to redactions. The present appeals and cross-appeals ensued.

1
The notices of appeal do not identify the March 1, 2024 order as one being
appealed. The sole order being appealed and cross-appealed in this case is the
trial court's final order dated May 29, 2024.
A-3457-23
6
The Present Appeals and Cross-Appeals

Appellants Gannett and Wronko argue the trial court's denial of disclosure

should be reversed because: (1) the court erred in its application of OPRA, the

BWCL, and the Attorney General ("AG") Policy ("the AG's Policy"); and (2) in

the alternative, the items sought are public records that should be released under

the common law.

In direct opposition to appellants, respondents Palmer and the Borough

both urge that we affirm the trial court's determinations and bar disclosure.

The other respondent, the Prosecutor's Office, adopts a mixed position. It

argues the April 28, 2022 BWC footage was lawfully recorded and that no

exceptions to disclosure under the BWCL apply. However, the Prosecutor's

Office supports a limited remand to address whether any other OPRA

exemptions, apart from those associated with the BWCL, apply, such as for

building security and deliberative discussions. The Prosecutor's Office takes no

position on whether disclosure is independently warranted under the common

law.

Lastly, while this appeal was pending, the AG sought and was granted

leave to appear as amicus curiae on behalf of the State. In its brief, the AG

argues the trial court erred when it concluded the April 28 BWC recordings are

A-3457-23
7
not "government records" under OPRA, and that, regardless of whether officers

"made" the BWC recordings improperly, the recordings nevertheless were

"maintained" and "received" by law enforcement and are thereby subject to

retention.

The AG argues the trial court further erred by interpreting the BWCL to

require destruction or nondisclosure of the BWC recordings, because a failure

to warn does not require destruction of those recordings in the circumstances

presented. The AG contends the court's application of the BWCL's exemptions

was incorrect.

Like the Prosecutor's Office, the AG recommends the case be remanded

for the trial court to consider other possible OPRA exemptions, and takes no

position on the common-law issues.

Pre-Argument Orders of this Court and the Supreme Court Concerning
Livestreaming, Posting of Appellate Briefs, and Related Issues

We conclude the procedural history with a few words about the

livestreaming of the appellate oral argument and related matters, as they provide

context for the limited nature of the details presented within this opinion.

A-3457-23
8
Pursuant to Supreme Court directives 2, all parties to this appeal were

required to submit with their respective merits briefs a certification that their

own submissions contain no confidential information or confidential personal

identifiers ("COCI"). Every party certified that its own brief did not contain any

such confidential information or any confidential personal identifiers. However,

Palmer contended in a pre-argument motion to this court that the briefs of one

or more of the other parties improperly repeat confidential alleged quotations

and "attorney summaries of the contents of restricted videos."

2
On September 3, 2024, the Chief Justice issued a Notice to the Bar, stating
that the Appellate Division would begin livestreaming oral arguments and
posting publicly filed briefs for matters being argued before the court. Attorneys
were "reminded of their obligations – by statute, Court Rule, and other
applicable authority – to ensure that filings do not contain confidential
information and are redacted in appropriate circumstances. See, e.g., R. 1:38-7;
R. 1:38-3." Sup. Ct. of N.J., Notice to the Bar: The New Jersey Judiciary
Expands Livestreaming of Oral Arguments to the Appellate Division and
Announces the Availability of Publicly Filed Briefs Before the Supreme Court
and Appellate Division 1 (Sept. 3, 2024).

The COCI requirement was promulgated by Notice to the Bar dated
October 15, 2024. By Notice to the Bar dated March 10, 2025, cases in which
trial court proceedings are closed (such as adoptions or terminations of parental
rights) are exempt from the Court's livestreaming requirement. The appeals
before us do not fall into any of those specifically exempted categories.
However, due regard must be given to the importance of not improvidently
divulging the contents of impounded material. See R. 1:38-3(f)(4). On the other
hand, this court has the authority to discuss otherwise confidential matters in its
opinions in its discretion to the extent needed to render a decision and explain
its reasoning. R. 1:38-1A.
A-3457-23
9
Upon the court's preliminary review of these appeals, and in recognition

of the fact that the appeals concern BWC recordings and redacted portions of IA

documents the trial court declared to be non-disclosable, we permitted any party

to file on short notice a motion to exempt the appellate oral argument from being

livestreamed.

Palmer filed such a motion, requesting that: (1) the appeal not be

livestreamed; (2) the merits briefs not be posted; and (3) the courtroom to the

oral argument be closed to the public because "it will essentially disclose details

of the BWC footage and OPRA redactions before this [c]ourt decides whether

the redacted information and the BWC recordings should be accessible to the

public." The Borough joined in Palmer's motion.

Gannett and Wronko opposed the motion, arguing that the appeal must be

livestreamed, the merit briefs posted, and the courtroom opened to the public

because Palmer had not made the requisite showing under Rule 1:38-11(b)

(setting forth the standards to seal court records). The Prosecutor's Office did

not object to the requests to have the oral argument exempted from

livestreaming. The AG declined to take a position concerning the motions.

In addressing these motions, we were mindful of the general presumption

of access of the public and the news media to judicial proceedings, unless

A-3457-23
10
otherwise mandated by statute, court rule, or directives of the Court. See R. 1:2-

1; R. 1:38-11; Hammock by Hammock v. Hoffman-Laroche, 142 N.J. 356, 369-

70 (1995).

In an order issued on January 27, 2026, we ruled on movants' three

requests, as follows:

1. The motions to preclude the livestreaming of the
   appellate oral argument [are] DENIED. However, all
   counsel are cautioned to refrain during the course of the
   argument, and afterwards in any communications with
   non-parties, from describing, quoting from, or
   otherwise revealing any contents of the BWC
   recordings that the trial court's unstayed May 29, 2024
   order has directed are not subject to disclosure.
   Counsel shall not divulge or describe those contents
   during the course of the oral argument, even if they
   have been referred to in the trial court's opinions, the
   appellate briefs and appendices, in the news media, or
   the public domain.

2. The motions to close the appellate courtroom to
   observers are DENIED. See R. 1:2-1.

3. The motions to preclude the posting of the appellate
   briefs on the Judiciary website are DENIED. Movants
   have not moved for specific redactions from the briefs,
   and there has been ample opportunity for them to have
   done so before the brink of the oral argument, having
   received weeks ago the COCIs filed by the other
   parties. Unless otherwise directed by the Supreme
   Court, the briefs will be uploaded at or about 9:00 a.m.
   on the morning of the appellate oral argument.

A-3457-23
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4. Any party may file an emergent application with the
Supreme Court by no later than 4:00 p.m. on
Wednesday, January 28, 2026 to pursue relief from any
of the above aspects of this order. If such an emergent
application is not filed by that deadline, the
livestreamed oral argument will proceed as scheduled
on Monday, February 2, 2026, and the briefs will be
uploaded that morning. If such an emergent application
is timely filed, the livestreamed argument will proceed
as planned on February 2 without postponement and
with posted briefs, unless the Court otherwise directs.

Palmer timely filed an emergent application with the Supreme Court. She

confined her request to bar the appellate livestreaming and discontinued her

efforts to prevent the posting of the appellate briefs.

On January 28, 2026, the Court issued a single-justice order, signed on

behalf of the Chief Justice, denying Palmer permission to file the emergent

application and any related request for a temporary stay or other relief. The

Court's denial order included the following instructive terms:

The Appellate Division's January 27, 2026 order denied
the movants' requests for relief but imposed conditions
to which all parties must adhere during oral argument.
Applicant has not demonstrated entitlement to
emergent review or other relief in light of the appellate
court's order. The parties are reminded to be mindful
of the conditions imposed by the Appellate Division's
order.

A-3457-23
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In accordance with these orders, the appellate briefs were posted on the

morning of the oral argument, and the argument was livestreamed.3

We now turn to the merits of the appeal and cross-appeal.

II.

As we noted above, Gannett and Wronko essentially present three

arguments on appeal: (1) the trial court erred in finding the April 28, 2022 BWC

recordings were protected from disclosure under the BWCL and not subject to

disclosure as "government records" under OPRA; (2) the court erred in finding

those recordings were not "public records" and therefore not subject to the

common-law right to access; and (3) the court should not have redacted certain

references to the BWC footage from the IA report.

In assessing these arguments, we are guided by well-established principles

of appellate review and statutory construction. An appellate court's review of

issues regarding the applicability and interpretation of rules, statutes, and

regulations is de novo. In re Ridgefield Park Bd. of Educ., 244 N.J. 1, 17 (2020);

3
Counsel were reminded of the January 27 and 28 orders at the outset of
argument and were invited to notify the panel if it appeared the argument was
verging into non-disclosable topics. No such notification or objection was
raised during the argument. We mention facts within this opinion concerning
the April 28 events and BWC recordings to the extent necessary to analyze the
issue on appeal. R. 1:38-1A.

A-3457-23
13
Kocanowski v. Twp. of Bridgewater, 237 N.J. 3, 9 (2019). In particular,

"determinations about the applicability of OPRA and its exemptions are legal

conclusions" and are reviewable de novo. Am. C.L. Union of N.J. v. Cnty.

Prosecutors Ass'n of N.J., 474 N.J. Super. 243, 256 (App. Div. 2022) (quoting

Carter v. Doe, 230 N.J. 258, 273-74 (2017)).

When undertaking such de novo review on questions of statutory

interpretation, our fundamental "responsibility 'is to give effect to the intent of

the Legislature.'" State v. Harper, 229 N.J. 228, 237 (2017) (quoting State v.

Morrison, 227 N.J. 295, 308 (2016)). "To do so, we start with the plain language

of the statute. If it clearly reveals the Legislature's intent, the inquiry is over."

Ibid. (citing DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477, 492 (2005)).

"If a law is ambiguous, we may consider extrinsic sources including

legislative history." Ibid. (citing Parsons ex rel. Parsons v. Mullica Twp. Bd. of

Educ., 226 N.J. 297, 308 (2016)). "We also look to extrinsic aids if a literal

reading of the law would lead to absurd results." Ibid. (citing Burnett v. Cnty.

of Bergen, 198 N.J. 408, 425 (2009)).

Moreover, "a law that is part of a broader 'statutory framework should not

be read in isolation'; we instead consider the text 'in relation to other constituent

parts so that a sensible meaning may be given to the whole of the legislative

A-3457-23
14
scheme.'" Id. at 237-38 (quoting Wilson ex rel. Manzano v. City of Jersey City,

209 N.J. 558, 572 (2012)).

Here, as we will discuss in Parts III and IV, infra, concerning the interplay

of subsections (d) and (r) of the BWCL with OPRA and other various statutory

issues, our task entails an effort to harmonize disparate provisions within the

overall statutory scheme. State v. Gomes, 253 N.J. 6, 27-28 (2023)

(exemplifying the importance of the judiciary's role in harmonizing disparate

statutory provisions to effectuate the apparent will of the Legislature).

III.

OPRA

OPRA "requires that government records 'shall be readily accessible' to

the citizens of this State, subject to certain exceptions." Burnett, 198 N.J. at 414

(quoting N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1). As a matter of law and policy, OPRA declares:

[G]overnment records shall be readily accessible for
inspection, copying, or examination by the citizens of
this State, with certain exceptions, for the protection of
the public interest, and any limitations on the right of
access accorded by P.L.1963, c.73 (C.47:1A-1 et seq.)
as amended and supplemented, shall be construed in
favor of the public's right of access;

[and] all government records shall be subject to public
access unless exempt from such access by: P.L.1963,
c.73 (C.47:1A-1 et seq.) as amended and supplemented;
any other statute; resolution of either or both houses of

A-3457-23
15
the Legislature; regulation promulgated under the
authority of any statute or Executive Order of the
Governor; Executive Order of the Governor; Rules of
Court; any federal law, federal regulation, or federal
order . . . .

[N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.]

"By its very terms, OPRA seeks to promote the public interest by granting

citizens access to documents that record the workings of government in some

way. That important aim helps serve as a check on government action." Sussex

Commons Assocs., LLC v. Rutgers, 210 N.J. 531, 546 (2012).

This policy of transparency is not absolute, however, as "'a public agency

has a responsibility and an obligation to safeguard from public access a citizen 's

personal information with which it has been entrusted when disclosure thereof

would violate the citizen's reasonable expectation of privacy.'" Burnett, 198 N.J.

at 427 (internal citation omitted).

OPRA applies only to what the statute defines as a "government record":

"[G]overnment record" or "record" means any paper,
written or printed book, document, drawing, map, plan,
photograph, microfilm, data processed or image
processed document, information stored or maintained
electronically or by sound-recording or in a similar
device, or any copy thereof, that has been made,
maintained or kept on file in the course of his or its
official business by any officer, commission, agency,
or authority of the State or of any political subdivision
thereof, including subordinate boards thereof, or that

A-3457-23
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has been received in the course of his or its official
business by any such officer, commission, agency, or
authority of the State or of any political subdivision
thereof, including subordinate boards thereof. The
terms shall not include inter-agency or intra-agency
advisory, consultative, or deliberative material.

[N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1 (emphasis added).]

The term "government record" within OPRA does not include information

deemed confidential, which includes "any record within the attorney-client

privilege" and "emergency or security information or procedures for any

buildings or facility which, if disclosed, would jeopardize security of the

building or facility or persons therein." Ibid.

As the Court has noted in this regard, "OPRA exempts various documents

from disclosure including records protected by the attorney-client privilege,

inter- or intra-agency advisory, consultative, or deliberative material,

pedagogical records at a public institution of higher education, and information

that must be kept confidential pursuant to court order." Sussex Commons

Assocs., 210 N.J. at 542 (citing N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1).

Furthermore, N.J.S.A. 47:1A-9(b) declares that OPRA:

[S]hall not abrogate or erode any executive or
legislative privilege or grant of confidentiality
heretofore established or recognized by the
Constitution of this State, statute, court rule or judicial
case law, which privilege or grant of confidentiality

A-3457-23
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may duly be claimed to restrict public access to a public
record or government record.

BWCL and Attorney General Policies

In 2020, the Legislature enacted the BWCL, L. 2020, c. 128 (codified at

N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.3 to .4), which required every patrol officer to wear a body

camera. This mandate was in conjunction with L. 2020, c. 129 (codified at

N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5), which "regulate[d] the use of [BWCs] worn by law

enforcement officers" throughout the State, A. 4312 (2020) (first reprint),

delineating the circumstances under which a BWC may be deactivated,

restricting the use of BWCs in certain circumstances, and specifying the

retention periods for recorded footage.

Beginning June 1, 2021, all uniformed patrol law enforcement officers

"shall wear a body worn camera that electronically records audio and video

while acting in the performance of the officer's official duties." N.J.S.A.

40A:14-118.3(a). The statute lists exceptions to the BWC requirement,

including any that "may be . . . provided in accordance with guidelines or

directives promulgated by the Attorney General." N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.3(a)(8).

Generally, "the video and audio recording functions of a body worn

camera shall be activated whenever the officer is responding to a call for service

or at the initiation of any other law enforcement or investigative encounter

A-3457-23
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between an officer and a member of the public. . . ." N.J.S.A. 40A:14-

118.5(c)(1). Pursuant to this subsection, "[t]he body worn camera shall remain

activated until the encounter has fully concluded and the officer leaves the

scene." Ibid.

The BWCL's Notification Provisions

As noted in our introduction above, subsection (r) of the BWCL states that

"[a]ny recordings from a body worn camera recorded in contravention of this or

any other applicable law shall be immediately destroyed and shall not be

admissible as evidence in any criminal, civil, or administrative proceeding."

N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(r).

However, of particular relevance here, BWCL subsection (d) directs that

"[a] law enforcement officer who is wearing a body worn camera shall notify

the subject of the recording that the subject is being recorded by the body worn

camera unless it is unsafe or infeasible to provide such notification." N.J.S.A.

40A:14-118.5(d). Moreover, subsection (d) further declares that "[t]he failure

to verbally notify a person pursuant to this section shall not affect the

admissibility of any statement or evidence." Ibid.4

4
We address the tension between these subsections in Part IV, infra.
A-3457-23
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The AG's Policy

In January 2022, the New Jersey AG's Office issued an update to its BWC

Policy. See Off. of the Att'y Gen., Law Enf't Directive No. 2022-1, Update to

Body Worn Camera Policy (Jan. 19, 2022) ("the AG's Policy"). The update

contained a revision to section 10.3 of its 2021 Policy, which limited when

officers could review a BWC recording, to reflect that the law now "generally

permits officers to review such recordings before creating required initial

reports, statements, or interviews, with six exceptions delineated in the statute."

Id. at 1. There were also several minor changes, one being that the new Policy

"clarifies that BWC footage recorded in contravention of this Policy or any other

applicable law shall not be admissible as evidence in any criminal, civil, or

administrative proceeding, except as evidence in any proceeding related to the

unauthorized use of a BWC." Id. at 2. The directive went on to state, in part,

that "[n]othing in this Directive shall be construed in any way to create any

substantive right that may be enforced by any third party." Id. at 3.

The AG's Policy states at section 4.2 that "[t]he failure to verbally notify

a person pursuant to this section shall not affect the admissibility of any

statement or evidence," which tracks N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(d). The AG's

Policy § 4.2; cf. N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(d).

A-3457-23
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Under section 5.1 of that same Policy, a BWC shall only be activated in

performance of official police duties "for the purpose of recording incidents,

investigations, and police-civilian encounters involving those law enforcement

activities specified in this Policy, or specified in a department's policy, standing

operating procedure, directive, or order promulgated pursuant to this Policy. "

Id. § 5.1. The section instructs that a BWC should not be activated "while the

officer is on break or otherwise is not actively performing law enfor cement

functions (e.g., while eating meals, while in a restroom, etc.)" and that it should

"not be activated or used by an officer for personal purposes, or when engaged

in police union business." Ibid.

Section 5.1 further states that a BWC should not be used "to record

conversations involving counseling, guidance sessions, personnel evaluations,

or any similar supervisory interaction." Ibid. In a related vein, under section

6.5 of the AG's Policy, "a BWC-equipped officer may de-activate a BWC while

participating in a discussion pertaining to criminal investigation strategy and

planning" in certain situations, "provided that the strategy/planning discussion

is not conducted in the immediate presence of a civilian." Id. § 6.5.

A-3457-23
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Section 7.7 of the AG thePolicy elaborates upon N.J.S.A. 40A:14-

118.5(g), which states that "[a] body worn camera shall not be used

surreptitiously." N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(g). Under section 7.7:

[A] BWC shall not be used to gather intelligence
information based on First Amendment protected
speech, associations, or religion, or to record activity
that is unrelated to a response to a call for service or a
law enforcement or investigative encounter between a
law enforcement officer and a member of the public,
provided that nothing in this subsection shall be
construed to prohibit activation of video and audio
recording functions of a BWC as authorized under the
law or this Policy.

[The AG's Policy § 7.7.]

Reviews of BWC recordings5 are permitted in accordance with the

provisions of N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1. Fuster v. Twp. of Chatham ("Fuster II"), 259

N.J. 533, 551 (2025). Therefore, pursuant to the Supreme Court's decision in

Fuster II, OPRA applies to BWC recordings, and BWC recordings are also

subject to the same exemptions set forth under OPRA, as described below.

5
The parties have advised us that transcripts of the audio tracks of the April 28
BWC recordings have not been made. We have viewed the pertinent portions
of the videos and have concluded we do not need such audio transcripts for
purposes of our review in this case.
A-3457-23
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OPRA Exemptions

The access to records afforded by OPRA is limited in N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1

by a list of information that is "deemed to be confidential" and thus does not

qualify as a government record subject to public access under the statute.

Among other things, the list includes exemptions for "any record within

the attorney-client privilege," as well as "emergency or security information or

procedures for any buildings or facility which, if disclosed, would jeopardize

security of the building or facility or persons therein." N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1.

A third exemption potentially relevant here is for:

[S]ecurity alarm system activity and access reports,
including video footage, for any public building,
facility, or grounds unless the request identifies a
specific incident that occurred, or a specific date and
limited time period at a particular public building,
facility, or grounds, and is deemed not to compromise
the integrity of the security system by revealing
capabilities and vulnerabilities of the system. . . .

[Ibid.]

Furthermore, pursuant to N.J.S.A. 47:1A-9(b), a record could be exempt

if it "abrogate[s] or erode[s] any executive or legislative privilege or grant of

confidentiality" which may be claimed to restrict public access.

In addressing the emergency or security information exemption, the Court

has stated that "[t]he words used by the Legislature in the applicable exemptions

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capture categories of information." Gilleran v. Bloomfield, 227 N.J. 159, 172

(2016) (where the court found that the request for a day's worth of video footage

from a stationary security camera attached to a town hall was not subject to

disclosure under OPRA because of the emergency or security information and

security measures exemptions). The Court in Gilleran found that the disclosure

of "security information or procedures" would jeopardize security of public

buildings only when it would create a risk for property and persons. Id. at 172-

74 (quoting N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1). There, releasing a day's worth of video footage

could reveal vulnerabilities within the operational system and thus create a risk

to public safety. Id. at 164. As made clear from Gilleran, there must be some

showing of how the information requested would meet the security information

exemption under OPRA either by jeopardizing building security or risk safety

to people or property. Id. at 172-74; N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1.

BWCL Exemptions and Retention Requirements

The BWCL prescribes that a BWC recording "shall be retained for not less

than 180 days from the date it was recorded" unless it meets certain criteria, the

first being "if it captures images involving an encounter about which a complaint

has been registered by a subject of the body worn camera recording." N.J.S.A.

40A:14-118.5(j)(1).

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Additionally, under subsection (j) of the BWCL, a BWC recording shall

be retained for a longer period—not less than three years—in the following

instances:

(a) the law enforcement officer whose body worn
camera made the video recording, if that officer
reasonably asserts the recording has evidentiary
or exculpatory value;

(b) a law enforcement officer who is a subject of
the body worn camera recording, if that officer
reasonably asserts the recording has evidentiary
or exculpatory value;

(c) any immediate supervisor of a law
enforcement officer whose body worn camera
made the recording or who is a subject of the
body worn camera recording, if that immediate
supervisor reasonably asserts the recording has
evidentiary or exculpatory value;

(d) any law enforcement officer, if the body worn
camera recording is being retained solely and
exclusively for police training purposes;

(e) any member of the public who is a subject of
the body worn camera recording;

(f) any parent or legal guardian of a minor who
is a subject of the body worn camera recording;
or

(g) a deceased subject's next of kin or legally
authorized designee.

[N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(j)(2).]

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In particular, "[t]o effectuate subparagraphs (e), (f), and (g)" of subsection (j)

above, "the member of the public, parent or legal guardian, or next of kin or

designee shall be permitted to review the body worn camera recording in

accordance with the provisions of P.L.1963, c.73 (C.47:1A-1 et seq.) to

determine whether to request a three-year retention period." N.J.S.A. 40A:14-

118.5(k).

Moreover, notwithstanding subsections (j)(1) and (j)(2), the BWCL

imposes three additional retention requirements, of which only one applies here:

"[W]hen a body worn camera records an incident that is the subject of an [IA]

complaint, the recording shall be kept pending final resolution of the [IA]

investigation and any resulting administrative action." N.J.S.A. 40A:14-

118.5(j)(3)(c).

That said, there are four specified instances under the BWCL in which a

BWC recording shall be exempt from public inspection:

Notwithstanding that a criminal investigatory record
does not constitute a government record under section
1 of P.L.1995, c.23 (C.47:1A-1.1), only the following
body worn camera recordings shall be exempt from
public inspection:

(1) body worn camera recordings not subject to
a minimum three-year retention period or
additional retention requirements pursuant to
subsection j. of this section;

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(2) body worn camera recordings subject to a
minimum three-year retention period solely and
exclusively pursuant to paragraph (1) of
subsection j. of this section if the subject of the
body worn camera recording making the
complaint requests the body worn camera
recording not be made available to the public;

(3) body worn camera recordings subject to a
minimum three-year retention period solely and
exclusively pursuant to subparagraph (a), (b), (c),
or (d) of paragraph (2) of subsection j. of this
section; and

(4) body worn camera recordings subject to a
minimum three-year retention period solely and
exclusively pursuant to subparagraph (e), (f), or
(g) of paragraph (2) of subsection j. of this
section if a member, parent or legal guardian, or
next of kin or designee requests the body worn
camera recording not be made available to the
public.

[N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(l) (emphasis added).]

IV.

Having canvassed these elaborate provisions, we turn to the legal

arguments presented to us.

A.

As we previewed above, a key issue for our resolution concerns the

interplay of subsections (d) and (r) in N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5. In the trial court

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proceedings and in their appellate briefs, Palmer 6 and the Borough invoked

N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(r), which states that "[a]ny recordings from a body worn

camera recorded in contravention of this or any other applicable law shall be

immediately destroyed and shall not be admissible as evidence in any criminal,

civil, or administrative proceeding."

On the other hand, appellants, the Prosecutor's Office, and the AG have

countered that the language of subsection (d), which declares that "the failure to

verbally notify a person pursuant to this section shall not affect the admissibility

of any statement or evidence," must be read to qualify the destruction language

of subsection (r).

The trial court's May 29, 2024 decision recognized this seeming

dissonance between the provisions. Ultimately, the court concluded , among

other things, that because police officers who recorded conversations on the

second floor of the Borough offices on April 28, 2022 did not apparently provide

Palmer with oral notification that they were recording her on their body-worn

cameras, the BWC footage was improperly obtained and should have been

6
At the appellate oral argument, counsel for Palmer clarified that her arguments
for non-disclosure did not solely rest on the lack-of-notification language within
the statute, and that affirmance of the trial court's decision can rest
independently on other grounds.
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destroyed under subsection (r). We respectfully disagree with that legal

determination.

When interpreting a whole statute, "each part or section should be

construed in connection with every other part or section to provide a harmonious

whole." 2A Norman J. Singer & Shambie Singer, Sutherland Statutory

Construction § 46.4, at 204 (7th ed. 2014) [hereinafter Sutherland]. "A statutory

subsection may not be considered in a vacuum, but must be considered in

reference to the statute as a whole and in reference to statutes dealing with the

same general subject matter." Id. § 46.5, at 225-26; see also Gomes, 253 N.J. at

27-29; Williams v. N.J. State Parole Bd., 255 N.J. 36, 51 (2023).

"[W]here a general provision in a statute has certain limited exceptions,

all doubts should be resolved in favor of the general provision rather than the

exceptions." 2A Sutherland, § 47.11, at 330; see also Nini v. Mercer Cnty.

Cmty. Coll., 202 N.J. 98, 109 (2010); Prado v. State, 186 N.J. 413, 426-27

(2006). In Fuster II, the Supreme Court reiterated that courts must "'strive for

an interpretation that gives effect to all of the statutory provisions and does not

render any language inoperative, superfluous, void or insignificant. '" 259 N.J.

at 547 (quoting G.S. v. Dep't of Hum. Servs., 157 N.J. 161, 172 (1999)).

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In light of these principles reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in Fuster II,

N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(r) should not be read to require destruction of the BWC

recordings for a failure to notify, because doing so would render the evidentiary

terms of N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(d) superfluous. The officers' failure to notify

Palmer verbally and individually of the recordings did not automatically require

their destruction and does not render them inadmissible pursuant to subsection

(r).

The trial court erred in finding that subsection (r) controls over the

specific language of subsection (d). If the immediate-destruction language of

subsection (r) were rigidly implemented, there would be no recording preserved

for possible future evidential use under subsection (d). That cannot be what the

statute was intended to mean.

We note that this more sensible interpretation of the subsections aligns not

only with those of the Prosecutor's Office and the appellants, but also

corresponds with the amicus position of the AG, who has promulgated the BWC

policies we have described above. Generally, we "pay significant attention to

the legal position of the [AG], the 'sole legal adviser' to state government

concerning the interpretation of 'all statutes' that affect state agencies." State v.

Coviello, 252 N.J. 539, 557 (2023) (citing N.J.S.A. 52:17A-4(e)); see also Peper

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v. Princeton Univ. Bd. of Trs., 77 N.J. 55, 70 (1978) (delineating the principle

that courts "should attach weight to the Attorney General's [legal] opinion").

We also take judicial notice that the AG, who frequently is involved in

public access litigation on behalf of custodians of records for State agencies, is

adopting here an interpretation of this facet of the statutory scheme that happens

to be consistent with that of the requestors. Although we certainly are not bound

by the AG's legal position, it soundly aligns in this instance with a common-

sense interpretation of the BWCL and reinforces our confidence in our ruling.

B.

Apart from this textual analysis that resolves the legal import of a lack of

a verbal warning, our de novo review of the record also differs from the trial

court's other grounds for finding that the BWC recordings were improperly

created.

The trial court concluded the BWC recordings made on the second floor

of the municipal building, where the mayor's office is located, were not part of

a continuous event, and that the officers thereby were all obligated to turn off

their cameras and leave them off when they came upstairs. However, the record

reflects sufficient continuity between the officers' upstairs and downstairs

activities.

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On April 28, 2022, the officers were on duty, responding to calls for

service, and following orders from their superiors. The recordings were relevant

to a single call for service. The initial call for service came in at 9:09 a.m. from

someone in Palmer's office regarding the visitor's presence on the second floor.

Two officers received calls from dispatch at this same time and arrived on

location at the municipal building at 9:12 a.m. Both officers activated their

BWCs and proceeded to record interactions related to the call for service.

The AG's Policy identifies specific instances when a BWC should not be

activated, including "while eating meals" or "while in the restroom," neither of

which pertains here. The AG's Policy § 5.1. The AG's Policy also states that

BWC recordings should not be used for "personal purposes, or when engaged in

police union business." Id.

Here, officers appropriately notified occupants in the office that they were

recording "audio and video" at 9:17 a.m. They also deactivated their BWCs

whenever they were not actively in response to the situation and reactivated

them as the situation unfolded. Less than ten minutes from the last deactivation,

both officers reactivated their BWCs, as confirmed by a superior officer, and

continued to record the events that transpired between their superiors and the

mayor. The officers remained involved in the calls for service regarding the

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visitor and were continuing the performance of their duties as they met with the

mayor.

The trial court gave significant weight to the fact that one officer who was

present during the meeting with the mayor did not reactivate his BWC, despite

having previously done so earlier. However, that one officer's individual failure

to initiate his BWC does not dispositively establish that the meeting with Palmer

was not part of a continuous event and therefore not in the performance of

official duties.

As the AG's Policy notes, BWCs "serve as a powerful deterrent to

misconduct by both the police and members of the public interacting with

police." Id. § 1.1 (emphasis added). That goal of mutual deterrence must not

be overlooked here. In many instances, a video or audio recording can be the

best evidence of what happened and what was said. See N.J.R.E. 1001 to 1008

("the best evidence rule" provisions); see also State v. Knight, 477 N.J. Super.

400, 422-24 (App. Div. 2023), aff'd, 259 N.J. 407 (2024).

The arguments of Palmer and the Borough that the upstairs BWC

recordings lacked a sufficient nexus to the incident with the visitor are mistaken.

The meeting between the officers and the mayor manifestly was about the

incidents with the visitor, both regarding complaints about his presence from

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that morning and the previous situation with him that had occurred six days

earlier on April 22, 2022.

We also part company with the trial court's finding that the BWC

recordings of conversations in which the mayor was speaking were surreptitious

and thereby violated subsection (g) of the BWCL. The BWCL does not define

the term "surreptitious." Black's Law Dictionary 1752 (12th ed. 2024) defines

the term "surreptitious" as "([o]f conduct) unauthorized and clandestine; done

by stealth and without legitimate authority." See also State v. Zembreski, 445

N.J. Super. 412, 428 (App. Div. 2016) (applying the "stealth" aspect of

"surreptitiously" in the context of evaluating whether an entry into a dwelling

was surreptitious). For example, in State v. Martinez, 461 N.J. Super. 249, 254

(App. Div. 2019), we noted that an assistant prosecutor had "authorized the

surreptitious taping" of a defense attorney's pre-trial interview of an informant,

because of information that the defense attorney "might offer the witness a

bribe." The informant in Martinez wore body wires concealed under clothing

and was attempting to capture the defense attorney offering a bribe. Ibid.

The present situation is not comparable. Here, the body worn cameras

were visible on the fronts of the officers' garments, with red lights and periodic

beeping when they were activated during the course of the approximately thirty-

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minute-long overall encounter. Before the recorded discussion at issue here took

place upstairs, officers had been present on that floor earlier in the mayor's office

and announced that they were recording, while Palmer was in her office, with

the door open. Although we acknowledge that the officers did not repeat an

announcement to the mayor personally when they returned upstairs, that

omission is not sufficient to establish a "clandestine" or "stealth" course of

recording.

We have given due regard to the trial court's reasons for concluding the

recording was surreptitious, but those reasons fail as a matter of law to

substantiate the "stealth" required to support that characterization. It is

indisputable that the BWCs worn by two officers in the small office were only

a few feet away, with no persons, furniture, or other obstructions between them

and the mayor. It is likewise indisputable that the BWCs were not covered up

or otherwise concealed. The officers did not mislead the mayor and pretend that

the BWCs were off while they were blinking and beeping.

Although the trial court found it significant, we do not afford much weight

to the fact that another officer was the one speaking with the mayor rather than

the two officers whose BWCs were activated. There is no objective indication

that the other officer was attempting to distract the mayor from seeing the

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activated cameras. Nor are we persuaded that the timing of the activation or

numerical variations in the time stamps establish stealth.

In sum, although we afford due deference to the trial court's factual

findings in general, we decline to adopt "blind adherence" to this specific finding

of surreptitiousness. State v. S.S., 229 N.J. 360, 381 (2017). We therefore do

not rely on that finding in our analysis and instead conclude that N.J.S.A.

40A:14-118.5(g) is inapplicable.

We also decline to adopt the trial court's finding that destruction and non-

disclosure of the BWC recordings were required to protect the mayor 's asserted

privacy interests. In this regard, the trial court relied on this court 's then-extant

opinion in Fuster I, in which we ruled that the OPRA exemption in N.J.S.A.

47:1A-9(b) precluded disclosure of the BWC recording at issue in that case

"because our case law has long-established that information received by law

enforcement regarding an individual who was not arrested or charged is

confidential and not subject to disclosure." Fuster v. Twp. of Chatham, 477 N.J.

Super. 477, 483 (App. Div. 2023) ("Fuster I"), rev'd, 259 N.J. 533 (2025). Fuster

I concerned an individual seeking his own video-recorded statement who was

found not to be entitled to receive the footage because "[g]overnment records

involving 'a person who has not been arrested or charged with an offense are

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entitled to confidentiality based upon long-established judicial precedent.'" Id.

at 489-90.

In the interim, while this appeal was pending, the Supreme Court in Fuster

II reversed our opinion. See Fuster II, 259 N.J. at 540. The Supreme Court

ruled the plaintiff there was entitled to access the BWC recording. Ibid. The

Court recognized that the OPRA exemptions might apply to BWCs, id. at 539,

but concluded that "OPRA does not contain any explicit exemption for

'information received by law enforcement regarding an individual who was not

arrested or charged.'" Ibid. (quoting Fuster I, 477 N.J. Super. at 483). Hence,

the trial court's reliance on Fuster I is, at the very least, unhelpful to its

confidentiality analysis because the mayor was not arrested or charged.

The statutory exception for attorney-client communications, N.J.S.A.

47:1A-1.1, also does not compel the wholesale withholding of the BWC

recordings. The mayor was not communicating with the Borough attorney or a

personal lawyer on the BWC footage. While the police chief did refer in the

discussion to advice the Borough attorney had provided to him, those limited

portions can nevertheless be redacted.7

7
See our forthcoming discussion, infra at Part V, regarding a redaction process.
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The trial court referred to portions of the discussions on the BWC

recordings about future strategy for dealing with security issues posed by

visitors in the municipal building. We concur with the trial court that those

portions of the recorded interactions could fall within OPRA's exemption for

"security measures and surveillance techniques which, if disclosed, would create

a risk to the safety of persons." See N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1; see also N.J.A.C.

13:1E-3.2(a)(2); The AG's Policy § 7.3. In addition, we are mindful the court

appropriately identified possible non-disclosure of "conversations involving

counseling, guidance sessions, or . . . similar supervisory interaction[s]." The

AG's Policy § 5.1. But, subject to redaction of those portions, we do not

conclude they justify the court's overall determination that the BWC recordings

were "not made in the performance of official duties."

C.

Even assuming, for the sake of discussion, that the BWC recordings in the

mayor's office on April 28 were, in full or in part, improperly made, such a

determination does not dictate whether the recordings were "government

records." That is because, as the AG and appellants have persuasively argued,

OPRA defines government records to not only cover records "made" by a public

body or official but also cover records that have been "maintained or kept on

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file," or "received" in the course of official business. N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1; see

also Commc'ns Workers of Am. v. Rousseau, 417 N.J. Super. 341, 355 (App.

Div. 2010) (describing OPRA's definition of "government record" as

"expansive"); Gannett N.J. Partners, LP v. Cnty. of Middlesex, 379 N.J. Super.

205, 213 (App. Div. 2005) (same). The definitional terms in OPRA—including

"[m]ade," "maintained," "kept on file," or "received"—are broad terms that

encompass a host of ways that a government agency might obtain a record.

N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1.1.

Thus, even if we did agree, as the trial court found, that police officers

"made" the BWC recordings in a manner inconsistent with aspects of the BWCL

or the AG's Policy, the question then becomes whether the Borough Police

Department and the Prosecutor's Office had legitimate grounds to receive and

maintain those recordings, subject to any pertinent exemptions or redactions.

The answer is yes.

As we noted above, the BWCL includes a detailed retention protocol that

generally requires longer retention periods for BWC recordings designed to

advance the statute's goals of transparency and accountability. N.J.S.A. 40A:14-

118.5(j) sets forth a minimum retention period of 180 days for all BWC

recordings, and expands this period based on specific characteristics of the

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footage. BWC recordings capturing an encounter about which a complaint has

been registered, or which capture an arrest, use of force, or "records an incident

that is the subject of an internal affairs complaint" are subject to longer retention

periods. N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(j)(2)-(3).

Once the Borough attorney lodged an IA complaint about the recordings

on August 4, 2022, the Borough was obligated to "maintain" these recordings

for purposes of its investigation. N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(j)(3)(c) ("[W]hen a

body worn camera records an incident that is the subject of an internal affairs

complaint, the recording shall be kept pending final resolution of the internal

affairs investigation and any resulting administrative action."); see also The

AG's Policy § 8.4(c) (same). Even if there was some question about the officers'

decision to activate their BWCs during this incident, because the Borough

maintained the recordings for purposes of its IA investigation pursuant to statute

and directive, they were "maintained" as government records for the purposes

of OPRA. The trial court acknowledged that the "BWC footage should have

been presented to the [Prosecutor's Office] once the Spotswood IA determined

the recordings were obtained in contravention of AG directives" but the court

did not recognize the significance of that fact for the purposes of its "government

record" analysis.

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Further, the Prosecutor's Office "received" and "maintained" these same

recordings in the course of its official business within the meaning of N.J.S.A.

47:1A-1.1. Hence, because the Prosecutor's Office "received" the BWC

recordings to discharge its own official obligations, the court erred by finding

they were not "government records" under OPRA.

D.

We further decline to adopt the trial court's application of the exemptions

to public access set forth in N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(l). Subsection (l) lists four

circumstances when BWC recordings are exempt from public disclosure. The

trial court relied on two of those provisions, subsection (l)(2) and (l)(3), to

conclude that the BWCL's provisions exempted the recording from access. But

those provisions do not mandate non-disclosure here.

Under subsection (l)(2), exclusion from public access is warranted if

footage is retained "solely and exclusively" because the subject of the recording

made a complaint under subsection (j)(1). Likewise, exclusion from public

access is called for under (l)(3) only if footage is retained "solely and

exclusively" if the law enforcement officer who captured or is the subject of the

recording or a supervisor "reasonably asserts" that the recording has

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"evidentiary or exculpatory value," or if the recording is kept exclusively for

training purposes, under subsections (j)(2)(a)-(d).

These exclusions under subsection (j) are not controlling in the present

case. The BWC recordings were not retained "solely and exclusively" because

of the mayor's complaint, but were retained for the IA investigation and other

investigatory purposes. The recordings also were not retained "solely and

exclusively" at the officers' request under subsections (j)(2)(a)-(d). Hence, the

trial court's determination that the BWC footage was exempt from public access

under N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(j) was incorrect.

Palmer has raised concerns that any time a citizen captured in a body worn

camera recording files a complaint against the officer for allegedly improperly

recording, the body worn camera recording would automatically become

discoverable under OPRA. However, the BWCL provides for specific instances

that can render such a video exempt from disclosure. See N.J.S.A. 40A:14-

118.5(l).

If an individual is a subject of the body worn camera recording and lodges

a complaint against the officer for recording, the individual can request the

recording be exempt from being released to the public. Additionally, as we also

noted above, N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(l)(1)-(4) refers to multiple provisions of

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N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(j)(1)-(3), which provide specific situations when the

recording can be exempt from release.

V.

For these various reasons, the trial court erred by categorically

determining the BWC recordings at issue should have been destroyed rather than

maintained and were not "government records" within the scope of OPRA.

Consequently, we reverse that determination, subject to a forthcoming

application of any pertinent OPRA exceptions that may warrant discrete

redactions.

The practical question then arises as to who should perform those

redactions. Although the trial court has already identified certain redactions

without the benefit of our present opinion, we agree with appellants that the

more appropriate party to perform a finalized redaction process is the

Prosecutor's Office, the records custodian on whom the OPRA request was

served. N.J.S.A. 47:1A-5(g).

Similarly, having overturned the trial court's statutory finding that the

BWC recordings are not "government records" under OPRA, we discern no

necessity at this time to perform a de novo analysis of the trial court's provisional

common-law determination. A common-law assessment would now be confined

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to only those portions of the government records that will be finally redacted

under OPRA.

The trial court's common-law ruling is accordingly vacated without

prejudice. Upon deciding what redactions should be made under OPRA, the

Prosecutor's Office, utilizing the pertinent balancing tests, should also determine

what, if any, of those materials should be produced under the common law.

Lastly, to assure overall consistency, the redactions of the IA reports

ordered by the trial court to omit non-disclosable BWC information shall be held

in abeyance pending further developments. The IA reports therefore shall

continue to be withheld until such time as the BWC redaction process is

completed, and, if necessary, relitigated.

Conclusion

Within sixty (60) days of this opinion, the Prosecutor's Office shall issue

an updated determination to counsel for the requestors Gannett, Wronko,

Palmer, and the Borough, on an "eyes only" basis, conveying any proposed

redactions it deems are warranted under other OPRA exceptions that have not

been specifically adjudicated here or under the common law. If any party

objects to those redactions, they may file a new civil action in the Law Division.

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If such a new case is brought, the Law Division then shall evaluate the

redactions in camera and render a fresh judicial determination, which may then

be appealable by an aggrieved party in the normal course. As part of its analysis

of the contested redactions, the Law Division shall not only consider statutory

factors but also whether the redacted content should be obtainable, in full or in

part, under the common law. The common-law analysis of the redactions should

be performed anew and is not necessarily dictated by the trial court's previous

May 29, 2024 common-law ruling.

That said, we stay our opinion, sua sponte, for thirty (30) days to enable

any aggrieved party to file a petition or motion with the Supreme Court for

review; if such review is sought, the stay will remain in effect until such time as

the Court otherwise directs. During that interim stay, the prohibitions on

disclosure ordered by the trial court in its May 29, 2024 decision shall remain

in effect. Any issues of alleged noncompliance shall be presented and decided

in the first instance in the trial court, which shall have jurisdiction over such

disputes.

We close with an express recognition that this matter has involved a

complicated array of provisions under OPRA, the BWCL, the AG's Policy, and

case law. Given that complexity, we express our appreciation for the efforts of

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the trial court, counsel for the five parties, and the amicus AG, to assist us in

navigating the thorny issues.

Reversed in part and modified in part. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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