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April 1, 2026 Get Citation Alerts Download PDF Add Note

Hylemon v. Grossoehme

Court of Appeals of North Carolina

• Citations: None known

• Docket Number: 25-960

• Opinion

• Authorities (5)

• Cited By (0)

• Summaries (0)

• Similar Cases (0)

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Syllabus

child custody, temporary versus permanent custody order, error in applying best interests standard to a permanent custody order, error in modifying permanent order without finding a substantial change of circumstances

Combined Opinion

                        by Judge Allegra Collins

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA25-960

Filed 1 April 2026

Yadkin County, No. 20CVD000705-980

MARTY LEN HYLEMON, Plaintiff,

v.

SHELBY JACQUELINE GROSSOEHME, Defendant.

Appeal by Defendant from order entered 20 March 2025 by Judge William F.

Brooks in Yadkin County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 10 March

2026.

Spidell Family Law, by Harvey W. Barbee, Jr., for Defendant-Appellant.

J. Clark Fischer for Plaintiff-Appellee.

COLLINS, Judge.

This appeal arises from a child custody dispute between Plaintiff, Marty Len

Hylemon, and Defendant, Shelby Jacqueline Grossoehme. Defendant appeals from

the trial court’s Final Custody Order, arguing the following: (1) The trial court erred

by finding that the order before it was temporary and thus the best interests of the

child standard applied. (2) The trial court erred by modifying a permanent child

custody order without finding a substantial change of circumstances. (3) The trial

court erred by failing to award Defendant reasonable visitation rights where its

conclusion is not supported by the findings of fact. We agree with Defendant’s first
HYLEMON V. GROSSOEHME

Opinion of the Court

two arguments and do not reach the third. We thus vacate the Final Custody Order

and remand the matter to the trial court for further proceedings.

I. Background

Plaintiff and Defendant married in February 2020 and separated in May 2020.

Their son, David,1 was born in December 2020. Plaintiff filed a complaint for child

custody and a motion for an ex parte child custody order on 22 December 2020.

Plaintiff alleged that Defendant had prohibited him from seeing their child and had

threatened to leave the jurisdiction. An ex parte order was entered the next day,

prohibiting Defendant from removing the child from North Carolina pending further

hearing.

The parties consented to a temporary custody order memorialized in a

memorandum of order entered 9 March 2021. The order declared Plaintiff to be

David’s biological father and allowed Plaintiff weekly, one-hour visits with the child.

The parties consented to a second temporary custody order memorialized in a

memorandum of order entered 10 May 2021. The order allowed Plaintiff weekly,

two-hour visits at a supervised visitation facility. A supplemental consent order

memorialized in a memorandum of order entered 11 May 2021 allowed Plaintiff’s

mother to also attend the visits.

1 A pseudonym is used.

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HYLEMON V. GROSSOEHME

Opinion of the Court

The parties consented to a third temporary custody order entered 9 August

1. The order allowed Plaintiff weekly, four-hour visits at his mother’s residence

and required Plaintiff to take a drug test. The parties consented to a fourth

temporary custody order entered 13 December 2021. The order allowed Plaintiff

additional holiday visits.

The parties consented to a fifth temporary custody order memorialized in a

memorandum of order entered 22 February 2022. The order provided for the parties

to have joint legal custody of David with Defendant having primary physical custody

and Plaintiff having secondary physical custody on a graduated schedule. The order

provided that it was to be reviewed after eight months at a regularly scheduled court

session. The memorandum of order was memorialized by order entered 24 March

2022.

Plaintiff moved for ex parte emergency custody of David on 26 September 2022,

alleging that Defendant intended to move to Ohio with a new male friend, had already

left for Ohio, and David was “in imminent danger of serious bodily injury.” An order

for ex parte emergency custody was entered that day, granting Plaintiff temporary

sole legal and physical custody of David. A warrant was issued directing law

enforcement to take custody of David and place him with Plaintiff.

Defendant filed a motion to show cause on 10 October 2022, alleging Plaintiff

was withholding David from her.

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HYLEMON V. GROSSOEHME

Opinion of the Court

After a hearing on Plaintiff’s complaint for custody and Defendant’s motion to

show cause, the trial court entered a temporary custody order2 on 17 November 2022

(“17 November 2022 temporary order”). The order concluded that Plaintiff was not

in contempt of court, and it was in David’s best interests for the parties to have joint

legal custody and Plaintiff to have primary physical custody. The court ordered

“secondary custody/visitation” to Defendant every other Saturday and Sunday for

four hours, three hours on David’s birthday, and four hours on Christmas Eve. The

court further ordered, “[D]efendant’s visitation shall be reviewed at the undersigned’s

April [20223] session of Yadkin County Civil District Court. The issue of custody is

not to be reviewed at this date.”

On 3 April 2023, the matter was continued to 8 May 2023. A memorandum of

order was entered on 8 May 2023, modifying Defendant’s weekend visitation to every

other Saturday for six hours and every other Sunday for five hours. The order further

provided, “Visitation shall be reviewed at the undersigned’s August 2023 civil date in

Yadkin County.”

A memorandum of order was entered 7 August 2023, modifying Defendant’s

weekend schedule to every other Saturday and every other Sunday for six hours. The

2 Despite the order’s label – “Permanent Child Custody Order” – the parties do not disagree

that this order was temporary.
3 This is a typographical error as the matter was set for review at the April 2023 session.

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HYLEMON V. GROSSOEHME

Opinion of the Court

order further provided, “Visitation shall be reviewed at the undersigned’s December

2023 civil date in Yadkin County.”

After a hearing, the court entered a Permanent Order on Visitation on 4

December 2023 (“4 December 2023 permanent order”), wherein the court found “no

reason to further modify the [D]efendant’s visitation as set out in the prior orders[.]”

The court thus ordered,

[D]efendant’s secondary physical custody/visitation as set
out in the [17 November 2022 temporary order4], and
modified and expanded in subsequent orders entered May
8, 2023 and August 7, 2023, shall be the permanent order
of this [c]ourt, subject to modification only upon the filing
of a motion alleging a substantial change in circumstances
affecting the welfare of the minor child and an order of this
[c]ourt finding such a substantial change[.]

Defendant filed an ex parte motion for temporary emergency custody

approximately a year later, on 9 December 2024, alleging Plaintiff had violated the

prior court orders by not allowing her to have her regular custodial time. The ex

parte motion was denied by order entered that day. The order also indicates that the

matter was set for a hearing on emergency custody on 16 December 2024 at 9:00 a.m.

The record is silent as to whether a hearing on emergency custody was held.

On 16 December 2024, Defendant filed a motion to modify custody, alleging

Plaintiff had violated the prior court orders by not allowing her to have her regular

4 The order refers to “the permanent child custody order entered herein on August 17, 2022[.]”

This is a typographical error because the temporary order labeled “Permanent Child Custody Order”
was entered 17 November 2022.

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HYLEMON V. GROSSOEHME

Opinion of the Court

custodial time and requesting that she be allowed to have visitation with David at

her home in Virginia, and a motion to show cause. A hearing on both motions was

set for 6 January 2025.

The matter appears to have been continued until 24 February 2025, when

Defendant’s motions came on for hearing. By Final Custody Order entered 20 March

2025, the court found, in relevant part, as follows:

1. On November 16, 2022, a Temporary Custody Order was entered. On August 7, 2023, an order expanding visitations for Defendant was entered. Said Order included that Defendant’s visitation would be reviewed by the [c]ourt during the December 2023 Civil Session;
2. On December 2, 2024, the [c]ourt continued the review of visits to February 24, 2025 to Judge Brooks’ February court date to be set by the Trial Coordinator. . . . ;
3. On December 9, 2024, the Defendant filed a Motion for an ex parte emergency order, which was denied by the [c]ourt;
4. On December 16, 2024, the Defendant filed a Motion to Modify, requested an ex parte emergency order, and filed a Motion for Contempt against the Plaintiff. The Honorable Robert Crumpton continued these matters for service until January 6, 2025;
5. On January 6, 2025, the Show Cause Motion and Motion to Modify were continued to February 24, 2025 with the Final Review Hearing;
6. On February 24, 2025, the matters before the [c]ourt included a Final Review Hearing regarding the custody arrangement of the parties. Additionally pending also included Defendant’s Motion to Show Cause and Motion to Modify Custody;
7. The minor child has expressed that he does not feel comfortable around Defendant’s husband, James Huber;

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HYLEMON V. GROSSOEHME

Opinion of the Court

1. The minor child has experienced trauma, and currently sees counselor Brittany Todd at Be Balanced Counseling and Wellness in Winston-Salem, North Carolina;
2. Brittany Todd is qualified as an expert witness in Child Custody Evaluations and as a Forensic Mental Health Counselor and Evaluator;
3. The [c]ourt is extremely concerned for the minor child’s health and well-being when around Defendant and especially Defendant’s husband, James Huber; ....
4. The concern after the first counseling meeting with the minor child signaled indications that the minor child has been sexually abused; ....
5. Defendant husband, James Huber, has admitted that in the past he did masturbate in a car with his children present in the back seat, and that when children sat on his lap, it aroused him;
6. In . . . Ohio order (21-DR-01-231), Mr. Huber was court-ordered to obtain a psychosexual evaluation, but never completed this;
7. Further, Mr. Huber was court-ordered to complete parenting classes and enroll in individual counseling, but also refused to do so; ....
8. The [c]ourt is concerned with any contact between James Huber and the minor child;
9. The [c]ourt finds that it would be derelict and neglectful if custody and visitations were granted to the Defendant at this time[.]

Upon its findings, the court concluded, in relevant part, as follows:

1. That as the matter was temporary in nature before February 24, 2025, the standard is the best interests of the minor child;

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HYLEMON V. GROSSOEHME

Opinion of the Court

1. That even if the August 7, 2023 order was considered a Final Order, no substantial change of circumstances has occurred that affects the welfare of the minor child; ....
2. Plaintiff and Defendant are fit and proper to exercise joint legal custody of the minor child, and such is in the best interests of the minor child;
3. Plaintiff is fit and proper to exercise primary physical custody of the minor child, and such is in the best interests of the minor child;
4. Defendant is not [a] fit and proper person to have physical custody of the minor child, and such is in the best interests of the minor child . . . .

Upon its conclusion, the court ordered, in relevant part, as follows:

1. Defendant’s Motion to Modify Custody is denied as there has been no substantial change of circumstances that affects the welfare of the minor child;
2. Defendant’s Motion for Contempt is denied;
3. The parties shall share joint legal custody of the minor child . . . . ....
4. The Plaintiff shall continue to exercise primary physical custody of the minor child . . . .
5. There shall be no contact or visitations between the minor child and Defendant’s husband, James Huber[,] which shall include physical contact or any communication during FaceTime calls;
6. Defendant shall be entitled to Facetime telephone calls with the minor child every Tuesday and Thursday at 5:00 pm and these calls shall not include James Huber;
7. The counselor for the minor child may establish a visitation session between the Defendant and the minor child only to try to establish a bond back with [Defendant] and child. . . . ;

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HYLEMON V. GROSSOEHME

Opinion of the Court

1. Defendant shall not have any unsupervised physical custody of the minor child. However, if therapeutically recommended by the minor child’s counselor, the Defendant may have a weekly two-hour visitation . . . ;
2. Mr. James Huber is not to be present at all for visits with Defendant while in person or on any Facetime calls;
3. This settles all matters of child custody before the [c]ourt . . . .

Defendant appealed.

II. Discussion

Defendant argues the following: (1) The trial court erred by concluding that

“the matter was temporary in nature before February 24, 2025” and thus that “the

standard is the best interests of the minor child[.]” (2) The trial court erred by

modifying the 4 December 2023 permanent order without finding a substantial

change of circumstances. (3) The trial court erred by failing to award Defendant

reasonable visitation rights where its conclusion is not supported by the findings of

fact.

A. Temporary versus permanent order

“[W]hether an order is temporary or permanent in nature is a question of law,

reviewed on appeal de novo.” Smith v. Barbour, 195 N.C. App. 244, 249 (2009)

(citation omitted). Generally “an order is temporary if either (1) it is entered without

prejudice to either party, (2) it states a clear and specific reconvening time in the

order and the time interval between the two hearings was reasonably brief; or (3) the

order does not determine all the issues.” Senner v. Senner, 161 N.C. App. 78, 81

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HYLEMON V. GROSSOEHME

Opinion of the Court

(2003) (citations omitted). “A trial court’s designation of an order as ‘temporary’ or

‘permanent’ is neither dispositive nor binding on an appellate court.” Woodring v.

Woodring, 227 N.C. App. 638, 643 (2013) (citation omitted).

Here, the trial court made the following relevant findings:

1. On November 16, 2022, a Temporary Custody Order was entered. On August 7, 2023, an order expanding visitations for Defendant was entered. Said Order included that Defendant’s visitation would be reviewed by the [c]ourt during the December 2023 Civil Session;
2. On December 2, 2024, the [c]ourt continued the review of visits to February 24, 2025 to Judge Brooks’ February court date to be set by the Trial Coordinator. Regina R. Gillespie was recently retained for Plaintiff. ....
3. On January 6, 2025, the Show Cause Motion and Motion to Modify were continued to February 24, 2025 with the Final Review Hearing;
4. On February 24, 2025, the matters before the [c]ourt included a Final Review Hearing regarding the custody arrangement of the parties. Additionally pending also included Defendant’s Motion to Show Cause and Motion to Modify Custody[.]

Finding 7 is fairly accurate: It first finds, “On November 16, 2022, a Temporary

Custody Order was entered.” A more accurate finding would state, “On November

17, 2022, a temporary custody order was entered.” Finding 7 omits that an order

expanding Defendant’s visitation was entered on 8 May 2023 but accurately finds

that another order expanding Defendant’s visitation was entered on 7 August 2023.

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Opinion of the Court

Finally, Finding 7 accurately finds that Defendant’s visitation would be reviewed by

the court during the December 2023 civil session.

However, it is apparent from the findings of fact, the transcript of the 24

February 2025 hearing, and the court’s conclusion 3 which indicates it reviewed “the

August 7, 2023 order,” that the court erroneously overlooked that Defendant’s

visitation was reviewed during the December 2023 civil session and that the court

entered the 4 December 2023 permanent order. That order states:

[D]efendant’s secondary physical custody/visitation as set
out in the [17 November 2022 temporary order], and
modified and expanded in subsequent orders entered May
8, 2023 and August 7, 2023, shall be the permanent order
of this [c]ourt, subject to modification only upon the filing
of a motion alleging a substantial change in circumstances
affecting the welfare of the minor child and an order of this
[c]ourt finding such a substantial change[.]

This 4 December 2023 permanent order, which incorporates the 17 November 2022

temporary order and the subsequent orders modifying Defendant’s visitation, was in

effect at the 24 February 2025 hearing and remained in effect until entry of the Final

Custody Order on 20 March 2025.

Finding 8 is unsupported by the record, as nothing in the record indicates that

the court on 2 December 2024 “continued the review of visits to February 24, 2025[.]”

The court decided custody by the 4 December 2023 permanent order. Furthermore,

Findings 12 and 13 are unsupported to the extent they find a “Final Review Hearing”

regarding custody was before the court on 24 February 2025.

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Opinion of the Court

Because the custody order before the trial court at the 24 February 2025

hearing was the 4 December 2023 permanent order, the trial court erred by finding

“the matter was temporary in nature before February 24, 2025” and thus that “the

standard is the best interests of the minor child[.]”

B. Substantial change of circumstances

Defendant next argues that trial court erred by modifying the 4 December 2023

permanent order without finding a substantial change of circumstances.

“[O]nce the custody of a minor child is judicially determined, that order of the

court cannot be modified until it is determined that (1) there has been a substantial

change in circumstances . . . affecting the welfare of the child; and (2) a change in

custody is in the best interest of the child.” Hibshman v. Hibshman, 212 N.C. App.

113, 121 (2011) (citations omitted). “[T]he trial court commit[s] reversible error by

modifying child custody . . . absent any finding of substantial change of circumstances

affecting the welfare of the child.” Id. (citation omitted); see, e.g., Lewis v. Lewis, 181

N.C. App. 114, 118 (2007) (holding “it was error for the court to modify the existing

consent order as to custody when it concluded, at the same time, that there had not

been any substantial change in circumstances”).

Here, the court made no findings as to whether there had been a substantial

change of circumstances between the time the 4 December 2023 permanent order was

entered and the 24 February 2025 hearing. The court concluded, however, in relevant

part:

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Opinion of the Court

1. That as the matter was temporary in nature before February 24, 2025, the standard is the best interests of the minor child;
2. That even if the August 7, 2023 order was considered a Final Order, no substantial change of circumstances has occurred that affects the welfare of the minor child[.]

As analyzed in Section A, the trial court erred by concluding “the matter was

temporary in nature before February 24, 2025” and thus that “the standard is the

best interests of the minor child[.]”

The trial court concluded, in the alternative, that “no substantial change of

circumstances has occurred that affects the welfare of the minor child” and ordered,

“Defendant’s Motion to Modify Custody is denied as there has been no substantial

change of circumstances that affects the welfare of the minor child[.]” Nonetheless,

the trial court modified Defendant’s visitation as set forth in the 4 December 2023

permanent order by restricting her contact with David to Facetime calls twice a week;

a therapeutic visit to re-establish a bond between Defendant and David; and, if

therapeutically recommended, supervised visits. “[I]t was error for the court to

modify” the 4 December 2023 permanent order “when it concluded, at the same time,

that there had not been any substantial change in circumstances.” Lewis, 181 N.C.

App. at 118.

In light of the above conclusions, we do not reach Defendant’s argument that

the trial court erred by failing to award her reasonable visitation rights where its

conclusion is not supported by the findings of fact.

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Opinion of the Court

III. Conclusion

The trial court erred by finding “the matter was temporary in nature before

February 24, 2025” and thus that “the standard is the best interests of the minor

child.” The trial court further erred by modifying the 4 December 2023 permanent

order when it concluded “no substantial change of circumstances has occurred that

affects the welfare of the minor child[.]” We vacate the Final Custody Order and

remand the matter for further proceedings.

VACATED AND REMANDED.

Chief Judge DILLON and Judge ZACHARY concur.

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